Evolution NCERT

Given below is the diagrammatic representation of Miller’s experiment where ‘X‘ represents the gases used in the experiment. Identify the correct combination of the gases used by Miller in his experiment from the options given :

Evolutionary biology :
I: is the subfield of biology that studies the evolutionary processes (natural selection, common descent, speciation) that produced the diversity of life on Earth.
II: is also defined as the study of the history of life forms on Earth.

Given below are two statements : one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as Reason (R).
\(
\begin{array}{|l|l|}
\hline \text { Assertion (A): } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { When we look at stars on a clear night } \\
\text { sky we are, in a way, looking back in } \\
\text { time. }
\end{array} \\
\hline \text { Reason (R): } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { When we see objects in our immediate } \\
\text { surroundings we see them instantly and } \\
\text { hence in the present time. }
\end{array} \\
\hline
\end{array}
\)
In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below :

The figure shows a family tree of dinosaurs and their living modern-day counterpart organisms. Study the given two statements :

Statement I: ‘A‘ denotes ‘crocodilians‘ that have a four chambered heart and endothermy similar to the birds and the mammals.
Statement II: ‘B‘ denotes ‘Archaeopteryx‘, a connecting link between reptiles and birds and has been found as a complete specimen preserved as fossil.

Oparin of Russia and Hardane of England propose that:
I: The first form of life could have come from preexisting non-living organic molecules (e.g. RNA, protein etc.)
II: The formation of life was preceded by chemical evolution, i.e., the formation of diverse organic molecules from inorganic constituents.

The connotations about the theory of special creation include:
I: All living organisms (species or types) that we see today were created as such.
II: Diversity was always the same since creation and will be the same in the future also.
III: Earth is about 4 billion years old.

The thorn of Bougainvillea and the tendril of Cucurbita are shown in the figure: Identify the correct statement from the ones given below:

I: represent homology
II: are results of convergent evolution

Which of the following was not a conclusion drawn by Charles Darwin based on observations made during a sea voyage in a sailing ship called H.M.S. Beagle around the world ?

Consider the following Statements:-
I: Fitness, according to Darwin, refers ultimately and only to reproductive fitness.
II: Those who are a better fit in an environment, leave more progeny than others.

Name the naturalist who worked in the Malay Archipelago and had also come to conclusions similar to Darwin around the same time :

The biological relationship of the bones in the fore-limbs of mammals is an argument in favour of evolution. What will be true for the fore-limbs of the different mammals shown below ?

\(
\begin{array}{|l|l|}
\hline \text { Statement I: } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { They evolved in a similar environment, rather than } \\
\text { inherited from a recent common ancestor. }
\end{array} \\
\hline \text { Statement II: } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { They have a common descent and have evolved } \\
\text { from a shared ancestor. }
\end{array} \\
\hline
\end{array}
\)

Palaeontological evidence for evolution refers to the :

Consider the given two statements :
Statement I: The embryos of all vertebrates including humans develop a row of vestigial gill slits just behind the head but it is a functional organ only in fish and not found in any other adult vertebrates.
Statement II: Karl Ernst von Baer noted that embryos never pass through the adult stages of other animals.

Evolution by natural selection, in a true sense, would have started when :

The given figure shows a white-winged moth and a dark-winged moth (melanised) moth [Biston betularia] associated with the phenomenon of ‘industrial melanism’. Identify the correct statements :

I: In (a) the frequency of dark melanic form is expected to be much higher than the white-winged moth due to its protective resemblance with the environment supporting luxuriant growth of lichens on tree trunks.
II: In (b) the frequency of white-winged moth is expected to be higher than the dark melanic form because the allele for white colour arises by a recurring mutation in the dark melanic form.

The essence of Darwinian theory about evolution is natural selection. What would be true ?
I: Nature selects for fitness.
II: Fitness is based on characteristics that are inherited.
III: Fitness is the end result of the ability to adapt and get selected by nature.

The two key concepts of the Darwinian Theory of Evolution are :

Consider the given observation of Darwin and the inference drawn by him while developing his idea about the mechanism of evolution:
Observation: Natural resources are limited, populations are stable in size except for seasonal fluctuation, members of a population vary in characteristics even though they look superficially similar, and most variations are inherited.
Inference: There had been competition for resources and variations, which are heritable and which make resource utilisation better for few (adapted to habitat better) will enable only those to reproduce and leave more progeny.

The figure shows a variety of beaks of finches that Darwin found in Galapagos Island. 1 is Geospiza magnirostris, 2 is Geospiza fortis, 3 is Geospiza parvula and 4 is Certhidea olivacea. What will be true regarding these birds ?

I: Darwin’s finches are an excellent example of adaptive radiation.
II: All the varieties, Darwin conjectured, evolved on the island itself.
III: From the original seed-eating features, many other forms with altered beaks arose, enabling them to become insectivorous and vegetarian finches.

Identify the correct statement :

Gene flow is:

The connecting link between the fishes and amphibians is the :

The given figure shows the adaptive radiation of marsupials of Australia. What is correct regarding adaptive radiation ?

I: It is the process of evolution of different species in a given geographical area starting from a point and literally radiating to other areas of geography (habitats).
II: When more than one adaptive radiation appeared to have occurred in an isolated geographical area (representing different habitats), one can call this divergent evolution.

Similar biological structures or sequences in different taxa are homologous if they :

A thorn of Bougainvillea and a tendril of Cucurbita
are an example of :

The wings of an insect and the wings of a bird are examples of :

Identify A, B , C and D in the given figure showing the convergent evolution of Australian Marsupials and placental mammals:

\(
\begin{array}{|l|l|l|l|l|}
\hline & A & B & C & D \\
\hline 1. & \text{Numbat} & \text{Spotted Cuscus} & \text{Bobcat} & \text{Flying Squirrel} \\
\hline 2. & \text{Spotted Cuscus} & \text{Numbat} & \text{Flying Squirrel} & \text{Bobcat} \\
\hline 3. & \text{Numbat} & \text{Spotted Cuscus} & \text{Flying Squirrel} & \text{Bobcat} \\
\hline 4. & \text{Spotted Cuscus} & \text{Numbat} & \text{Bobcat} & \text{Flying Squirrel} \\
\hline
\end{array}
\)

All the following are examples of evolution by anthropogenic action except :

Genetic drift is :

During which period of the geological time scale did the first seed plants evolve ?

The figure shows a diagrammatic representation of the operation of natural selection on different traits. The types of natural selection as shown by (a), (b) and (c) in the figure are :

\(
\begin{array}{|l|l|l|l|}
\hline & \text { A } & \text { B } & \text { C } \\
\hline \text { 1. } & \text { Stabilising } & \text { Directional } & \text { Disruptive } \\
\hline \text { 2. } & \text { Directional } & \text { Stabilising } & \text { Disruptive } \\
\hline \text { 3. } & \text { Disruptive } & \text { Directional } & \text { Stabilising } \\
\hline \text { 4. } & \text { Stabilising } & \text { Disruptive } & \text { Directional } \\
\hline
\end{array}
\)

Given below are two statements : one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as Reason (R).
\(
\begin{array}{|l|l|}
\hline \text { Assertion (A): } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Evolution is not a directed process in the } \\
\text { sense of determinism. }
\end{array} \\
\hline \text { Reason (R): } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { It is a stochastic process based on chance } \\
\text { events in nature and chance mutation in } \\
\text { the organisms. }
\end{array} \\
\hline
\end{array}
\)
In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below :

The process of evolution of different species in a given geographical area starting from a point and literally radiating to other areas of geography [habitats] is known as:

The dominant plants during the Jurassic period were:

Identify A, B, C, D and E in the given sketch of the evolution of plant forms through geological periods :

\(
\begin{array}{|l|l|l|l|l|l|}
\hline & A & B & C & D & E \\
\hline 1. & \text{Green algae} & \text{Cycads} & \text{Dicotyledons} & \text{Psilophyton} & \text{Rhynia type plants} \\
\hline 2. & \text{Red algae} & \text{Ginkgos} & \text{Dicotyledons} & \text{Pines} & \text{Chlorophyte ancestors} \\
\hline 3. & \text{Bryophytes} & \text{Ginkgos} & \text{Pines} & \text{Psilophyton} & \text{Tracheophyte ancestors} \\
\hline 4. & \text{Bryophytes} & \text{Ginkgos} & \text{Dicotyledons} & \text{Psilophyton} & \text{Tracheophyte ancestors} \\
\hline
\end{array}
\)

During which period of the geological time scale did the angiosperms evolve ?

Bryophytes evolved from :

Invertebrates were formed and were active by the time of:

Identify A-F in the figure showing the representative evolutionary history of vertebrates through geological periods :

\(
\begin{array}{|c|l|l|l|l|l|l|}
\hline
& \text{A} & \text{B} & \text{C} & \text{D} & \text{E} & \text{F} \\
\hline
1. & \text{Thecodonts} & \text{Sauropsids} & \text{Therapsids} & \text{Synapsids} & \text{Pelycosaurs} & \text{Dinosaurs} \\
\hline
2. & \text{Synapsids} & \text{Pelycosaurs} & \text{Sauropsids} & \text{Dinosaurs} & \text{Therapsids} & \text{Thecodonts} \\
\hline
3. & \text{Sauropsids} & \text{Synapsids} & \text{Pelycosaurs} & \text{Thecodonts} & \text{Therapsids} & \text{Dinosaurs} \\
\hline
4. & \text{Therapsids} & \text{Synapsids} & \text{Pelycosaurs} & \text{Dinosaurs} & \text{Sauropsids} & \text{Thecodonts} \\
\hline
\end{array}
\)

Jawless fishes probably evolved around :

The primates, Dryopithecus and Ramapithecus, existed around :

Match List-I with List-II :
\(
\begin{array}{|c|l|}
\hline
\text{(a) Adaptive radiation} & \text{(i) Selection of resistant varieties} \\
& \text{due to excessive use of herbicides} \\
& \text{and pesticides} \\
\hline
\text{(b) Convergent evolution} & \text{(ii) Bones of forelimbs in Man and Whale} \\
\hline
\text{(c) Divergent evolution} & \text{(iii) Wings of Butterfly and Bird} \\
\hline
\text{(d) Evolution by anthropogenic action} & \text{(iv) Darwin Finches} \\
\hline
\end{array}
\)
Choose the correct answer from the options given below.
\(
\begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline & \text { (a) } & \text { (b) } & \text { (c) } & \text { (d) } \\
\hline 1 . & \text { (ii) } & \text { (i) } & \text { (iv) } & \text { (iii) } \\
\hline 2 . & \text { (i) } & \text { (iv) } & \text { (iii) } & \text { (ii) } \\
\hline 3 . & \text { (iv) } & \text { (iii) } & \text { (ii) } & \text { (i) } \\
\hline 4 . & \text { (iii) } & \text { (ii) } & \text { (i) } & \text { (iv) } \\
\hline
\end{array}
\)

A comparison of the skulls of adult modern human beings, baby chimpanzees, and adult chimpanzees is shown.

\(
\begin{array}{|l|l|}
\hline \begin{array}{l}
\text { Statement } \\
\text { I: }
\end{array} & \begin{array}{l}
\text { The skull of the baby chimpanzee is more } \\
\text { like an adult human skull than an adult } \\
\text { chimpanzee skull. }
\end{array} \\
\hline \begin{array}{l}
\text { Statement } \\
\text { II: }
\end{array} & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Infants of both species have large craniums } \\
\text { and small faces. }
\end{array} \\
\hline
\end{array}
\)

The mammals evolved from :

Identify the incorrect statement :

The first human-like being, the hominid, was called :

The fossils of Homo erectus were discovered in _________ and it existed about ________ mya.

The cranial capacity of Homo erectus was around :

Identify the incorrect fact regarding the Neanderthal man: