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The critical research areas of biotechnology include all the following except :
(d)
Increased yield of crop during the green revolution was due to :
\(
\begin{array}{|l|l|}
\hline \text { I. } & \text { Use of improved crop varieties } \\
\hline \text { II. } & \text { Use of better management practices } \\
\hline \text { III. } & \text { Use of agrochemicals [fertilisers and pesticides] } \\
\hline
\end{array}
\)
(c)
Consider the two statements :
\(
\begin{array}{|l|l|}
\hline \text { Statement I: } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Use of genetically modified crops is an } \\
\text { important option for increasing food } \\
\text { production in the future. }
\end{array} \\
\hline \text { Statement II: } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Agrochemicals are too expensive for } \\
\text { farmers in the developing world. }
\end{array} \\
\hline
\end{array}
\)
(b)
Given below are two statements : one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as Reason (R).
\(
\begin{array}{|l|l|}
\hline \text { Assertion (A): } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Conventional breeding is not the answer } \\
\text { if we want to increase yield in the } \\
\text { existing crop varieties. }
\end{array} \\
\hline \text { Reason (R): } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { The existing crop varieties have evolved } \\
\text { into new species and traditional } \\
\text { hybridisation is not possible now. }
\end{array} \\
\hline
\end{array}
\)
In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below :
(c)
Reason (R):
The existing crop varieties have evolved into new species and traditional hybridisation is not possible now.
❌ This is false.
Existing varieties have not evolved into new species. They can still be hybridised with each other (same species) using conventional breeding. The limitation is genetic yield ceiling, not speciation.
All the following are possible today with the use of GM crops except :
(d)
4. Fixation of atmospheric nitrogen ❌
Still not achieved in major crops. True nitrogen fixation naturally occurs in legumes with Rhizobium; transferring this complex trait into cereals via genetic engineering is still under research, not a reality yet.
Consider the two statements:
\(
\begin{array}{|c|l|}
\hline \text { Statement I: } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Bt toxin is more environmentally friendly } \\
\text { than synthetic pesticides. }
\end{array} \\
\hline \text { Statement II: } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Expression of Bt toxin gene in plants } \\
\text { provide resistance of certain insects. }
\end{array} \\
\hline
\end{array}
\)
(c)
The fact that Bt toxin gives insect resistance (Statement II) does not automatically explain why it is environmentally friendly (Statement I).
GM crops have been modified with various traits. Golden rice has been developed by the International Rice Research Institute for:
(d)
Consider the two statements :
\(
\begin{array}{|l|l|}
\hline \text { I: } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Use of genetically modified crops can be a possible } \\
\text { solution for minimizing the use of chemicals and } \\
\text { fertilizers that are detrimental for the environment. }
\end{array} \\
\hline \text { II: } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Genetically modified crops do not require any } \\
\text { fertilizers. }
\end{array} \\
\hline
\end{array}
\)
(c)
Statement II is false — GM crops still require fertilizers for optimum growth; genetic modification does not eliminate the need for fertilisers (nitrogen-fixation in non-legumes has not been achieved as a routine, commercial trait).
Bt cotton is not :
(d)
A protoxin is :
(d)
The trigger for activation of toxin of Bacillus thuringiensis is :
(c)
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) strains have been used to design novel :
(d)
Why does the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis not affected by the toxins produced by it that can kill arthropods ?
(c)
Bacillus thuringiensis produces the Cry protein in an inactive crystalline form called a protoxin.
This protoxin is harmless to the bacterium itself.
When an insect (e.g., a caterpillar) ingests plant tissue containing Bt protoxin, the alkaline gut pH of the insect activates it into the toxic form, which binds to midgut epithelial cells, creates pores, and kills the insect.
Since the activation step doesn’t occur inside the bacterium, it remains unaffected
Consider the two statements :
\(
\begin{array}{|l|l|}
\hline \text { I: } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Any Bt toxin gene isolated from Bacillus } \\
\text { thuringiensis can be used to create GM crops resistant } \\
\text { to all insects. }
\end{array} \\
\hline \text { II: } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Bt toxins do not have specificity for any insect } \\
\text { groups. }
\end{array} \\
\hline
\end{array}
\)
(d)
Statement I is false: Not every Bt gene works against all insects. Different Bt genes (Cry proteins) target specific insect groups — a gene effective against lepidopteran pests may not work on coleopterans or dipterans. So you cannot use any Bt gene to create crops resistant to all insects.
Statement II is false: Bt toxins do have specificity. Different Cry proteins show specificity for particular insect orders or species (examples: some Cry proteins target Lepidoptera, others Coleoptera or Diptera).
A transgenic tobacco plant was created to make it resistant to :
(a)
Identify the incorrect statement regarding use of RNAi for creating transgenic tobacco plants resistant to Meloidogyne incognita:
(b)
Explanation:
In RNAi-based resistance against Meloidogyne incognita, the plant was not directly given dsRNA. Instead, nematode-specific genes were inserted into the plant genome via Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Inside the plant cells, these genes were transcribed to produce dsRNA, which then triggered RNA interference.
Option 2 is incorrect because the dsRNA was formed inside the plant, not directly introduced.
RNA interference involves silencing a specific mRNA by :
(c)
The source of complementary RNA for RNAi in a eukaryotic cell could be:
\(
\begin{array}{|l|l|}
\hline \text { I: } & \text { An infection by viruses having RNA genomes } \\
\hline \text { II: } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Mobile genetic elements that replicate via an RNA } \\
\text { intermediate }
\end{array} \\
\hline \text { III. } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Integration of phage DNA into the main } \\
\text { chromosomal DNA of a eukaryotic cell }
\end{array} \\
\hline
\end{array}
\)
(a)
III ❌ — Integration of phage DNA into eukaryotic chromosomes does not directly produce complementary RNA unless it first transcribes into RNA and then forms dsRNA, which isn’t a general or necessary step
Given below are two statements : one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as Reason (R).
\(
\begin{array}{|l|l|}
\hline \text { Assertion (A): } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { In most cases, recombinant therapeutics } \\
\text { are safer than similar products isolated } \\
\text { from non-human sources. }
\end{array} \\
\hline \text { Reason (R): } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Recombinant therapeutics do not induce } \\
\text { unwanted immunological responses. }
\end{array} \\
\hline
\end{array}
\)
In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below :
(a)
The main challenge for production of insulin using rDNA techniques was :
(c)
The main challenge for production of insulin using rDNA techniques was:
(c)
How many of the given statements regarding insulin are correct ?
\(
\begin{array}{|l|l|}
\hline
\text{I:} & \text{All diabetics require insulin from the very beginning.} \\
\hline
\text{II:} & \text{Insulin can be given orally to diabetics.} \\
\hline
\text{III.} & \text{Insulin extracted from pancreas of slaughtered cattle and pigs caused some patients to develop allergy.} \\
\hline
\text{IV.} & \text{Recombinant insulin was first prepared by Indian pharmaceutical giant Ranbaxy.} \\
\hline
\text{V.} & \text{The two polypeptide chains in the final structure of insulin are joined by disulfide bonds.} \\
\hline
\text{VI.} & \text{DNA sequences corresponding to A and B chains of human insulin were introduced in plasmids of E. coli to produce insulin chains for preparing recombinant insulin.} \\
\hline
\end{array}
\)
(b)
I: ❌ Incorrect – Only insulin-dependent (Type 1) diabetics need insulin from the beginning, not all diabetics.
II: ❌ Incorrect – Insulin is a protein and gets digested in the alimentary canal, so it cannot be given orally; must be injected.
IV: ❌ Incorrect – Recombinant human insulin was first prepared by Eli Lilly in 1983, not Ranbaxy.
Given below are two statements : one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as Reason (R).
\(
\begin{array}{|l|l|}
\hline \text { Assertion (A): } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Deficiency of the enzyme adenosine } \\
\text { deaminase causes severe combined } \\
\text { immunodeficiency. }
\end{array} \\
\hline \text { Reason (R): } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { This disorder is caused due to the } \\
\text { deletion of the gene for adenosine } \\
\text { deaminase. }
\end{array} \\
\hline
\end{array}
\)
In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below :
(a)
Why not explanation: ADA deficiency can also result from other mutations (missense, nonsense, splicing defects), not only from gene deletion.
Thus, R is correct information but not the complete/direct reason for A
Identify the correct statements :
\(
\begin{array}{|l|l|}
\hline \text { I: } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { ADA deficiency is caused due to the deletion of the } \\
\text { gene for adenosine deaminase. }
\end{array} \\
\hline \text { II: } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Bone marrow transplant and enzyme replacement } \\
\text { therapy are completely curative. }
\end{array} \\
\hline \text { III. } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Lymphocytes transformed with cADA gene are } \\
\text { permanent cure for the condition. }
\end{array} \\
\hline
\end{array}
\)
(b)
II (False): Bone marrow transplant can be curative in many cases, but enzyme replacement therapy (PEG-ADA) is a management/long-term therapy and not guaranteed to be completely curative in all patients.
III (False): Ex-vivo gene therapy (lymphocytes/HSCs transduced with cADA) has produced long-term benefit in many patients, but calling it a “permanent cure” is too absolute — outcomes vary and long-term follow-up is needed.
The first clinical gene therapy trial was given in 1990 to a 4 year girl with :
(c)
The viruses generally used for gene therapy are :
(d)
Consider the given statements regarding polymerase chain reaction [P C R] used in molecular diagnosis:
\(
\begin{array}{|l|l|}
\hline \text { I: } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { PCR is not used routinely to detect HIV in suspected } \\
\text { AIDS patients. }
\end{array} \\
\hline \text { II: } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { PCR is being used to detect mutations in genes in } \\
\text { suspected cancer patients. }
\end{array} \\
\hline \text { III. } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { PCR can detect infections only when symptoms are } \\
\text { present. }
\end{array} \\
\hline
\end{array}
\)
(c)
III (Incorrect): PCR can detect infections even in asymptomatic or pre-symptomatic stages because it amplifies pathogen-specific nucleic acid; symptoms are not required for detection.
Transgenic animals are the animals that :
(a)
Consider the given statements regarding the use of transgenic animals:
I: Transgenic animals can be specifically designed to allow study of how genes are regulated, and how they affect the normal functions of the body and its development.
II: Transgenic animals cannot be used to serve as models for humans diseases so that investigation of new treatments for diseases is made possible.
III: Transgenic animals can be specifically designed to allow study of complex factors involved in growth such as insulin like growth factor.
(a)
II (False): Contrary to the statement, transgenic animals are widely used as models of human disease (e.g., transgenic mice for cancer, Alzheimer’s, diabetes) to test therapies and study pathology.
Given below are two statements : one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as Reason (R).
\(
\begin{array}{|l|l|}
\hline \text { Assertion (A): } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Transgenic mice are being used to test } \\
\text { the safety of polio vaccine. }
\end{array} \\
\hline \text { Reason (R): } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Monkeys are not reliable to test the } \\
\text { safety of polio vaccine. }
\end{array} \\
\hline
\end{array}
\)
In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below :
(c)
Reason (R) – False:
The main reason monkeys are less used now is not because they are “unreliable” — historically, monkeys were reliable for polio testing, but their use is reduced due to ethical issues, high cost, and availability, not because their results were inherently inaccurate.
Since the given R claims “monkeys are not reliable” (which is factually incorrect), it is considered false.
Over \( 95 \% \) of all transgenic animals are:
(a)
Transgenic animals used to test the safety of polio vaccine are :
(a)
The transgenic cow, Rosie, produced milk that :
(d)
Consider the two statements:
\(
\begin{array}{|l|l|}
\hline \text { I: } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Transgenic animals are being used for testing toxicity } \\
\text { of drugs. }
\end{array} \\
\hline \text { II: } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Transgenic animals are made that carry genes which } \\
\text { make them more sensitive to toxic substances than } \\
\text { non-transgenic animals. }
\end{array} \\
\hline
\end{array}
\)
(b)
Given below are two statements : one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as Reason (R).
\(
\begin{array}{|l|l|}
\hline \text { Assertion (A): } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { The manipulation of living organisms by } \\
\text { the human race cannot go on any further, } \\
\text { without regulation. }
\end{array} \\
\hline \text { Reason (R): } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Genetic modification of organisms can } \\
\text { have unpredictable results when such } \\
\text { organisms are introduced into the } \\
\text { ecosystem. }
\end{array} \\
\hline
\end{array}
\)
In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below :
(a)
Identify the incorrect statement :
(d)
Consider the two statements:
\(
\begin{array}{|l|l|}
\hline \text { I: } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Most of the developing and underdeveloped world is } \\
\text { rich financially, but poor in biodiversity and } \\
\text { traditional knowledge. }
\end{array} \\
\hline \text { II: } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Most of the industrialised nations are rich in } \\
\text { biodiversity and traditional knowledge related to bio- } \\
\text { resources but poor in biotechnology. }
\end{array} \\
\hline
\end{array}
\)
(d)
Statement I is wrong because most developing/underdeveloped nations are poor financially but rich in biodiversity and traditional knowledge (e.g., India, Brazil).
Statement II is wrong because most industrialised nations are poor in biodiversity but rich in biotechnology (e.g., USA, Germany).
The correct matching pair is/are :
(d)
Crystals of Bt toxin produced by bacterium do not kill bacteria themselves because :
(c)
Indian Government has set up an organisation to make decisions regarding validity of GMO. This organisation is :
(a)
Molecular diagnosis includes :
(d)
An American company got patent on basmati rice. The new variety of basmati rice was created by crossing
(b)
Read the following statements :-
A. Insulin used for diabetes was earlier extracted from blood of slaughtered cattle and pigs.
B. In humulin, two disulphide bonds are intrachain whereas one disulphide bond is interchain
C. An American company Eli Lilly prepared A – chain and B – chain genes separately in 1986
How many of the above statements are correct ?
(a)
A: Wrong — insulin was extracted from pancreas, not blood.
B: Wrong — human insulin has 1 intrachain and 2 interchain disulphide bonds, not 2 intrachain and 1 interchain.
C: Wrong — NCERT does not mention 1986 or separate synthesis of A- and B-chain genes.
Match the following :
\(
\begin{array}{|c|l|}
\hline
\text{Column A} & \text{Column B} \\
\hline
(i) \text{ Emphysema} & (a) \text{Antibodies} \\
(ii) \text{ Rosie} & (b) \alpha\text{-1-antitrypsin} \\
(iii) \text{ ELISA} & (c) \text{Golden Rice} \\
(iv) \text{ Provitamin A} & (d) \text{Human } \alpha\text{-lactalbumin} \\
\hline
\end{array}
\)
(a)
Use of bio-resources by multinational companies without proper authorisation is :
(b)
The total number of documented varieties of Basmati rice grain in India are :
(c)
Choose the correct option regarding Retrovirus :
(a)
“Flavr Savr” is the name of the first genetically modified:
(a)
At present, genetic modification has been able to bring about all the following in crops except :
(c)
GEAC stands for :
(c)
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