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Identify a non-infectious disease amongst the following :
(b)
The organisms which cause diseases in plants and animals are called:
(a)
The clinical test that is used for the diagnosis of typhoid is :
(d)
The name Mary Mallon is associated with:
(b)
A common cause of pneumonia in humans is :
(b)
All the following diseases can be caused by a bacterial infection except :
(d)
Dysentery → Can be bacterial (Shigella dysenteriae) or amoebic (Entamoeba histolytica), but bacterial form exists ✅
Diphtheria → Bacterial (Corynebacterium diphtheriae) ✅
Plague → Bacterial (Yersinia pestis) ✅
African sleeping sickness → Caused by a protozoan (Trypanosoma brucei), transmitted by the tsetse fly ❌
Rhinovirus does not affect :
(a)
Identify the incorrectly matched pair regarding Plasmodium, the protozoan responsible for causing malaria in humans :
(d)
1. P. falciparum → malignant tertian malaria → Correct
2. Paroxysm due to release of hemozoin when RBCs rupture → Correct
3. Fertilization occurs in gut of female Anopheles → Correct
4. Infective stage to humans is sporozoites, not trophozoites → Incorrect
Malignant tertian malaria is caused by Plasmodium :
(c)
The mechanical carrier of the causative agent of amoebic dysentery is:
(b)
Identify the incorrect statement regarding Entamoeba histolytica :
(c)
1 — Correct: E. histolytica cysts are hardy and can survive outside the host (weeks to months in soil; brief survival under fingernails is possible).
2 — Correct: Tissue invasion of the intestinal mucosa causes bloody diarrhoea (dysentery).
3 — Incorrect: E. histolytica can disseminate (most commonly to the liver causing amebic liver abscess) and occasionally to other organs — so it is not always confined to the GI tract.
4 — Correct: Chronic infections or carrier states can persist for years without treatment.
Fecal-oral route is not involved in the transmission of :
(d)
Polio — Fecal–oral route via contaminated water/food. ✅
Amoebic dysentery — Entamoeba histolytica, fecal–oral route. ✅
Ascariasis — Ascaris lumbricoides, eggs ingested via contaminated food/water. ✅
Filariasis — Wuchereria bancrofti, transmitted by mosquito vector, not fecal–oral. ❌
Interferons are secreted by :
(a)
The principle of immunization or vaccination is based on which property of the immune system ?
(b)
What type of immunity is used in the treatment of a patient of snakebite ?
(c)
A person has a contaminated wound after a road traffic accident. He has not received tetanus toxoid in his life and was given tetanus immunoglobulin. The type of immunity that will be conferred to this person will be:
(d)
etanus immunoglobulin = ready-made antibodies (preformed) obtained from another human/animal source.
Passive → because the patient’s own immune system is not producing antibodies.
Artificial → because the antibodies are given via injection (medical intervention), not acquired naturally (like maternal antibodies via placenta/milk).
Recombinant vaccine used to prevent Hepatitis B contains :
(c)
A drug that would not be helpful in the treatment of allergies is :
(a) Antibiotics is only for against bacterial disease
Rheumatoid arthritis is :
(d)
A disease that can be caused by the loss of the ability of the adaptive immunity to differentiate between self and non-self will be:
(d)
Which of the following is not an auto-immune disorder in humans ?
(c)
Which of the following is not lymphoid tissue ?
(c)
Where do the T-lymphocytes develop the ability to recognize self from non-self antigens ?
(c)
Primary lymphoid organs are :
(d)
Small masses of lymphatic tissue found throughout the ileum region of the small intestine are called :
(c)
Which of the following is not a function of spleen ?
(d)
What constitutes about \( 50 \% \) or the lymphoid tissue in the human body?
(a)
The correct statements amongst the given are :
\(
\begin{array}{|c|l|}
\hline \text { I: } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { The primary lymphoid organs are where immature } \\
\text { lymphocytes differentiate into antigen sensitive } \\
\text { lymphocytes. }
\end{array} \\
\hline \text { II: } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { The thymus is quite small at the time of birth and } \\
\text { keeps increasing in size with age. }
\end{array} \\
\hline \text { III: } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Antigens trapped in the lymph nodes are responsible } \\
\text { for the activation of lymphocytes present there and } \\
\text { cause the immune response. }
\end{array} \\
\hline
\end{array}
\)
(b)
II:- The thymus is quite Large at the time of birth and keeps Decreasing in size with age.
AIDS is caused by HIV. Among the following, which one is not a mode of transmission of HIV ?
(c)
After a few years of being diagnosed with HIV infection, a person develops tuberculosis, toxoplasmosis, diarrhea, and significant weight loss. This is most likely due to:
(c)
The early screening test for HIV infection is :
(a)
Cancer is :
(c)
Cancer cells exhibit :
(c)
Metastasis shown by malignant tumors :
(d)
Cancer causing genes are called :
(c)
A tumor that invades surrounding tissues is usually capable of producing metastases, may recur after attempted removal, and is likely to cause death unless adequately treated. Such a tumor is called a:
(b)
A normal cellular gene which when altered by mutation can contribute to cancer is called :
(d)
Cancer detection is mainly based on :
(d)
Regarding carcinogens :
\(
\begin{array}{|l|l|}
\hline \text { I: } & \text { Almost all carcinogens are mutagens. } \\
\hline \text { II: } & \text { X-rays and Gamma rays are non-ionising. } \\
\hline \text { III: } & \text { UV rays are ionising radiations. } \\
\hline
\end{array}
\)
(a)
2. X-rays and Gamma rays are non-ionising → ❌ Incorrect
X-rays and Gamma rays are ionising radiations (high energy, can eject electrons).
3. UV rays are ionising radiations → ❌ Incorrect
UV rays are non-ionising but can cause DNA damage (e.g., thymine dimers) via high-energy photons.
Opioids bind to specific receptors in CNS and :
(a)
Diacetyl morphine is commonly known as :
‘Smack‘ is a drug obtained from the :
(a)
Cannabinoid receptors are principally located in the brain but they also have side effects on :
(b)
Tobacco consumption is known to stimulate the secretion of adrenaline and nor-adrenaline. The component causing this could be:
(a)
Cocaine acts through :
(c)
Which of the following is not a hallucinogenic drug ?
(c)
Given below are two statements : one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as Reason (R).
\(
\begin{array}{|l|l|}
\hline \text { Assertion (A): } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Adolescence is a very vulnerable phase } \\
\text { of mental and psychological development } \\
\text { of an individual. }
\end{array} \\
\hline \text { Reason (R): } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { The period between 12-18 years of age } \\
\text { is considered as adolescence period. }
\end{array} \\
\hline
\end{array}
\)
In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below :
(c)
But R does not explain A: Stating the age range doesn’t explain why adolescence is vulnerable — it only defines when it occurs.
Anabolic steroids are frequently abused. Their side effects include all of the following except :
(d)
Cirrhosis of liver is a complication of chronic abuse of:
(a)
The part of the brain most commonly affected by the consumption of alcohol is :
(c)
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