Human Health And Disease NCERT

In the given diagram, A and B respectively represent :

The term ‘Health‘ is defined in many ways. The most accurate definition of health would be:

It is important to differentiate between drug addiction and dependence. In drug dependence :

Consider the given stages in the life cycle of Plasmodium and choose the correctly matched pair :

Diseases are broadly grouped into infectious and non-infectious diseases. In the list given below, identify the infectious diseases.
\(
\begin{array}{|l|l|l|l|}
\hline \text { i. } & \text { Cancer } & \text { ii. } & \text { Influenza } \\
\hline \text { iii. } & \text { Allergy } & \text { iv. } & \text { Smallpox } \\
\hline
\end{array}
\)

Identify the correct statement regarding typhoid fever in human beings:

Many diseases can be diagnosed by observing the symptoms in the patient. Which group of symptoms are indicative of pneumonia ?

Study the diagram given and choose the correct statement :

Consider the given two statements:
\(
\begin{array}{|l|l|}
\hline \text { I: } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Rhinovirus, the most common virus causing common } \\
\text { cold has a tendency to affect the upper respiratory } \\
\text { tract. }
\end{array} \\
\hline \text { II: } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { The mucosa associated lymphoid tissue is not present } \\
\text { in the upper respiratory tract. }
\end{array} \\
\hline
\end{array}
\)

In the human body, the malaria parasite first multiplies in :

The occurrence of chills and fever in malaria is associated with :

Which is the particular type of drug that is obtained from the plants whose one flowering branch is shown below ?

Which of the following diseases is/are correctly matched with their modes of transmission?
\(
\begin{array}{|l|l|l|}
\hline & \text { Disease/Infection } & \text { Mode of transmission } \\
\hline \text { I. } & \text { Ascariasis } & \text { Contaminated food and water } \\
\hline \text { II. } & \text { Elephantiasis } & \text { Vector-borne } \\
\hline \text { III. } & \text { Ringworm } & \text { Direct contact } \\
\hline
\end{array}
\)
Options:-
\(
\begin{array}{|l|l|l|l|}
\hline \text { 1. } & \text { Only I and II } & \text { 2. } & \text { Only I and III } \\
\hline \text { 3. } & \text { Only II and III } & \text { 4. } & \text { I, II and III } \\
\hline
\end{array}
\)

The micro-environment for the development and maturation of T lymphocytes is provided by:
I. Bone marrow
II. Thymus
III. Spleen

Secondary lymphoid organs :

Refer to the given figure and choose the organism not related to the condition shown here :

The sporozoites that cause infection when a female Anopheles mosquito bites a person, are found in:

Haemozoin is a :

All the following diseases or mankind are vector-borne except :

The diagram shows inflammation in one of the lower limbs due to an infection by a certain pathogen. Identify the correct statement :

Statement I: This is caused by the Annelid Wuchereria bancrofti.
Statement II: The condition is due to the blockage of deep veins by the adult worm.

Ringworm is not caused by :

The disease chikungunya is transmitted by :

Given below are two statements : one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as Reason (R).
\(
\begin{array}{|l|l|}
\hline \text { Assertion (A): } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { In vaccination, a preparation of antigenic } \\
\text { proteins of pathogen or } \\
\text { inactivated/weakened pathogen (vaccine) } \\
\text { are introduced into the body. }
\end{array} \\
\hline \text { Reason (R): } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { The vaccines also generate memory – B } \\
\text { and T-cells that recognise the pathogen } \\
\text { quickly on subsequent exposure and } \\
\text { overwhelm the invaders with a massive } \\
\text { production of antibodies. }
\end{array} \\
\hline
\end{array}
\)
In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below :

Identify the molecules (a) and (b) shown below and select the right option giving their source :

\(
\begin{array}{|l|l|l|l|}
\hline
& \text{Molecule} & \text{Source} & \text{Use} \\
\hline
1. & \text{Etropine} & \text{Atropa belladona} & \text{Accelerates the transport of dopamine} \\
\hline
2. & \text{Diacetylmorphine} & \text{Cannabis sativa} & \text{Depressant and slows down body functions} \\
\hline
3. & \text{Cannabinoid} & \text{Erythroxylum coca} & \text{Produces hallucinations} \\
\hline
4. & \text{Morphine} & \text{Papaver somniferum} & \text{Sedative and painkiller} \\
\hline
\end{array}
\)

Which of the following is also sometimes called as mosquito fish ? 

What is incorrect regarding innate immunity ?

Match each item in Column I [Barriers in innate immunity] with one in Column II [Example] and select your answer from the codes given:
\(
\begin{array}{|l|l|l|l|}
\hline & \text { COLUMN I } & & \text { COLUMN II } \\
\hline \text { A. } & \text { Physical } & \text { a. } & \text { Skin and mucus membranes } \\
\hline \text { B. } & \text { Physiological } & \text { b. } & \text { PMNL } \\
\hline \text { C. } & \text { Cellular } & \text { c. } & \text { Acid in stomach and saliva in mouth } \\
\hline \text { D. } & \text { Cytokine } & \text { d. } & \text { Interferon } \\
\hline
\end{array}
\)
Codes:
\(
\begin{array}{|l|l|l|l|l|}
\hline \text { Options: } & \text { A } & \text { B } & \text { C } & \text { D } \\
\hline 1 . & \text { a } & \text { b } & \text { c } & \text { d } \\
\hline 2 . & \text { d } & \text { b } & \text { c } & \text { a } \\
\hline 3 . & \text { a } & \text { c } & \text { b } & \text { d } \\
\hline 4 . & \text { d } & \text { c } & \text { b } & \text { a } \\
\hline
\end{array}
\)

Which of the following cells can phagocytose microbes only in tissues ?

Anamnestic response in acquired immunity is due to the fact that it is 

Consider the given two statements:
I: The acquired immune response is called “adaptive”.
II: In acquired immunity, pathogen-specific receptors are “acquired” during the lifetime of the organism.

What word correctly denotes an enhanced reaction of the body’s immune system to an antigen which is related to one previously encountered ?

B cells:-

In an antibody molecule, an antigen binding site is located :

Non-specific response to microbes that enter the human body involves the response of all the following  except :

Identify the incorrect statement regarding the cell mediated immune response :

A fetus receiving some antibodies from mother through placenta is an example of :

Transplantation of tissues/organs to save certain patients often fails due to the rejection of such tissues/organs by the patient. Which type of immune response is responsible for such rejections?

Active immunity develops when :

The given figure shows the chemical structure of a commonly abused drug. This drug :

Antibodies present in colostrum protects the newborn from certain diseases which are of :

Given below are two statements : one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as Reason (R).
\(
\begin{array}{|l|l|}
\hline \text { Assertion (A): } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { If a person is infected with some deadly } \\
\text { microbes to which a quick immune } \\
\text { response is required as in tetanus, we } \\
\text { need to directly inject the preformed } \\
\text { antibodies or antitoxin. }
\end{array} \\
\hline \text { Reason (R): } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { This type of immunization is called } \\
\text { passive immunization. }
\end{array} \\
\hline
\end{array}
\)
In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

How many of the given statements regarding HIV/AIDS are true ?
\(
\begin{array}{|l|l|}
\hline \text { I. } & \text { AIDS is a congenital disease } \\
\hline \text { II. } & \text { Syndrome means a group of symptoms } \\
\hline \text { III. } & \text { HIV is a rotavirus } \\
\hline \text { IV. } & \text { HIV does not have an envelope } \\
\hline \text { V. } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { HIV can be transmitted by an infected mother to her } \\
\text { child through placenta }
\end{array} \\
\hline
\end{array}
\)

Given below are two statements : one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as Reason (R).
\(
\begin{array}{|l|l|}
\hline \text { Assertion (A): } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { HIV/Aids infected persons should not be } \\
\text { isolated from family and society. }
\end{array} \\
\hline \text { Reason (R): } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { There is a time-lag of a few months to } \\
\text { many years [usually 5-10 years] between } \\
\text { infection and the appearance of AIDS } \\
\text { symptoms. }
\end{array} \\
\hline
\end{array}
\)
In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below :

What is not correct regarding the pathogenesis of AIDS in humans ?
\(
\begin{array}{|c|l|}
\hline \text { I. } & \text { HIV first enters into the macrophages. } \\
\hline \text { II. } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Macrophages are used by HIV as a factory to } \\
\text { produce more virus particles. }
\end{array} \\
\hline \text { III. } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { The viral cDNA does not get integrated into any } \\
\text { cells in the human body. }
\end{array} \\
\hline \text { IV. } & \text { HIV also enters the Thelper cells and destroys them. } \\
\hline \text { V. } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { The anti-retroviral treatment for AIDS is completely } \\
\text { curative. }
\end{array} \\
\hline
\end{array}
\)

Identify the incorrect statement regarding HIV :

Identify the incorrect statement :

Match the drugs in Column I with their correct attributes given in Column II and select the correct answer from the codes given:
\(
\begin{array}{|l|l|l|l|}
\hline & \text { Drug } & & \text { Attribute } \\
\hline \text { A } & \text { Opioids } & \text { P } & \text { Hallucinogenic at high doses } \\
\hline \text { B } & \text { Cannabinoids } & \text { Q } & \text { Highly effective painkiller } \\
\hline \text { C } & \text { Cocaine } & \text { R } & \text { Can cause cardiovascular side effects } \\
\hline \text { D } & \text { Nicotine } & \text { S } & \text { Stimulates adrenal medulla } \\
\hline
\end{array}
\)
Codes:
\(
\begin{array}{|l|l|l|l|l|}
\hline & \text { A } & \text { B } & \text { C } & \text { D } \\
\hline 1 . & \text { Q } & \text { R } & \text { S } & \text { P } \\
\hline 2 . & \text { R } & \text { Q } & \text { P } & \text { S } \\
\hline 3 . & \text { Q } & \text { R } & \text { P } & \text { S } \\
\hline 4 . & \text { R } & \text { Q } & \text { S } & \text { P } \\
\hline
\end{array}
\)

Given below are two statements : one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as Reason (R).
\(
\begin{array}{|l|l|}
\hline \text { Assertion (A): } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Effects like euphoria and a temporary } \\
\text { feeling of well-being are frequent causes } \\
\text { of drug addiction. }
\end{array} \\
\hline \text { Reason (R): } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Because of the perceived benefits, drugs } \\
\text { are frequently used repeatedly. }
\end{array} \\
\hline
\end{array}
\)
In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below :