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During deglutition, the food is prevented from entering into the larynx by the cartilaginous:
(a)
\(
\begin{aligned}
&\text { Most of the aquatic arthropods respire through: }\\
&\begin{array}{|l|l|}
\hline \text { 1. diffusion over entire body surface } & \text { 2. gills } \\
\hline \text { 3. tracheae and tracheoles } & \text { 4. skin } \\
\hline
\end{array}
\end{aligned}
\)
(b)
The trachea divides into a right and a left primary bronchus at the level of:
(c)
The alveoli are lined with:
(d)
The sound box in humans is:
(a)
During expiration, the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles are:
(b)
A measure of the amount of air a person inhales during a normal breath is:
(d)
The amount of air that remains in a person’s lungs after fully exhaling is known as:
(d)
The external intercostal muscles and the diaphragm contract:
(a)
When the diaphragm or external intercostal muscles contract, intrapulmonary pressure should
(b)
The value of which of the following is normally the highest in normal physiological conditions?
(d)
Under normal physiological conditions, the maximum volume of air a person can breathe out after a forced inspiration in a healthy human being is about:
(c)
The volume of thoracic chamber in the anteroposterior axis can be increased by:
(a)
Which of the following equations regarding the calculation of pulmonary capacities would be correct?
(b)
The sum of expiratory reserve volume [ERV] and residual volume [RV] corresponds to:
(c)
Two friends are eating together on a dining table. One of them suddenly starts coughing while swallowing some food. This coughing would have been due to improper movement of
(d)
Exhalation will be brought about by the contraction of:
(c)
Gas exchange in the human lungs takes place across the respiratory membrane which is made up of:
(d)
What is the partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide respectively in the venous blood leaving the tissues [in mmHg]?
(c)
The efficiency of a respiratory system is enhanced by all the following except:
(d)
Statement IV is incorrect
Incorrect (does not enhance efficiency — rather, it reduces it)
Moisture is essential because gases (especially O₂ and CO₂) must dissolve in water before diffusing across membranes.
Dry surfaces would inhibit gas exchange.
Which of the following will not be equal in normal physiological conditions?
(c)
The PO2 in alveoli is about 100 mmHg, while in oxygenated blood it is slightly lower (~95 mmHg).
So these are not exactly equal, but very close.
The partial pressure of oxygen in oxygenated blood is about:
(c)
The respiratory diffusion membrane is made of all the following layers except:
(d)
The amount of carbon dioxide that can diffuse through the diffusion membrane is much higher compared to that of oxygen because:
(c)
Hemoglobin carrying carbon dioxide is called as:
(b)
Binding of oxygen with hemoglobin is primarily related to:
(b)
Under normal physiological conditions, what amount of oxygen is delivered to the tissues?
(b)
What amount of carbon dioxide is delivered by every 100 ml of deoxygenated blood at the alveoli under normal physiological conditions?
(a)
The oxy-hemoglobin dissociation curve shifts to the right in all the following conditions except:
(c)
The formation of oxy-hemoglobin at the alveoli is favored by all the following except:
\(
\begin{array}{|l|l|}
\hline \text { 1. High } \mathrm{pO}_2 & \text { 2. Low } \mathrm{pCO}_2 \\
\hline \text { 3. Lower } \mathrm{H}^{+} \text {ion concentration } & \text { 4. Higher temperature } \\
\hline
\end{array}
\)
(d)
During the passage of blood through a tissue with normal metabolism, the percentage of hemoglobin that unloads oxygen is approximately:
(b)
The conversion of carbon dioxide into carbonic acid in the red blood cells is catalyzed by the enzyme:
(b)
The part of the human brain where the main respiratory center is located is:
(c)
The respiratory center in humans can be primarily stimulated by:
(a)
The peripheral chemoreceptors in carotid and aortic bodies respond to:
(d)
What will happen to the rate and depth of breathing when blood carbon dioxide rises?
(b)
Pneumotaxic center:
(a)
Which of the following options correctly represents the lung conditions in asthma and emphysema, respectively?
(a)
Volume of air that will remain in the lungs after a normal expiration is
(b)
Thoracic cage consists of
(c)
Pneumotaxic centre when sends strong signal, then which of the following will occur?
(a)
How many of the following statements are correct about respiration regulation mechanism in human ?
(a) Role of \( \mathrm{O}_2 \)in the regulation of respiratory rhythm is quite significant
(b) Respiratory regulation is related with neural & chemical receptors
(c) \( \mathrm{CO}_2 \) can activate chemosensitive areas
(d) Pneumotaxic centre can moderate the functions of respiratory rhythm centres
(c)
(a) Role of O₂ in the regulation of respiratory rhythm is quite significant
This statement is incorrect. Oxygen levels have a relatively minor role in regulating respiratory rhythm under normal conditions. The primary drivers are carbon dioxide (CO₂) levels and the associated pH changes detected by chemoreceptors. O₂ becomes a significant factor only during severe hypoxia, when its levels drop substantiall
Read the following statements
(a) Single molecule of Hb can carry a maximum of four atoms of \( \mathrm{O}_2 \)
(b) The respiratory centre in brain is stimulated by \( \mathrm{CO}_2 \) concentration in the arterial blood
(c) One of the major cause of emphysema is cigarette smoking
(d) During inhalation wheezing sound is produced in emphysema
(e) About 5 ml of \( \mathrm{O}_2 \)/100 ml of blood is released to the tissues during resting condition of our body
How many of the above statements are correct ?
(d)
❌ Incorrect. Each hemoglobin (Hb) molecule can bind up to four oxygen molecules (O₂), not just four oxygen atoms. Since each O₂ molecule consists of two oxygen atoms, a single Hb molecule can carry up to eight oxygen atoms.
Identify the statements as true (T) or false (F)
I. About 97% of \( \mathrm{O}_2 \) is transported by RBCs in which iron oxidized to form ferric iron
II. About 3% of \( \mathrm{CO}_2 \) is carried in a dissolved state through plasma
III. Nearly 20–25% of \( \mathrm{CO}_2 \) is transported as carboxy-haemoglobin
IV. 70% of \( \mathrm{CO}_2 \)is carried as carbonate form
\(
\begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline & \text { I } & \text { II } & \text { III } & \text { IV } \\
\hline(1) & \mathrm{T} & \mathrm{~F} & \mathrm{~F} & \mathrm{~T} \\
\hline(2) & \mathrm{T} & \mathrm{~F} & \mathrm{~T} & \mathrm{~F} \\
\hline(3) & \mathrm{F} & \mathrm{~F} & \mathrm{~F} & \mathrm{~F} \\
\hline(4) & \mathrm{F} & \mathrm{~T} & \mathrm{~T} & \mathrm{~F} \\
\hline
\end{array}
\)
(a)
Statement II ❌ False. Approximately 5–10% of carbon dioxide is transported dissolved directly in plasma. While 3% is slightly lower than this range, it’s within an acceptable approximation.
Statement III ❌ False. Carbon dioxide binds to hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin, not carboxyhemoglobin. Carboxyhemoglobin is formed when carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin. Approximately 20–25% of CO₂ is transported as carbaminohemoglobin.
CO is more toxic to \( \mathrm{CO}_2 \) because it:
(d)
The pCO2 of deoxygenated blood is 45 mmHg. This partial pressure is due to
(a)
If air enters into thoracic cavity then
(a)
Statement A : Haemoglobin is a red coloured iron containing pigment present in the RBCs
Statement B : \( \mathrm{O}_2 \)can bind with Hb in a reversible manner to form oxyhaemoglobin
(c)
Respiratory rhythm centre gets input from
(b)
Choose the correct relation of various respiratory volumes and capacities
(a)
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