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An Rh -ve person, when exposed to Rh +ve blood:
(a)
Identify the incorrectly matched pair:
(b)
Formed elements – 55% of the blood
❌ Incorrect. Formed elements (RBCs, WBCs, and platelets) actually make up about 45% of the blood volume.
The remaining 55% is plasma.
What will be true for the white blood cells shown in the given diagram?
A: The number of I is increased in worm infestations and II secretes histamine and heparin in the blood.
B: III plays a vital role in acquired immunity.
C: The number of IV is significantly reduced in acute bacterial infections.
(b)
I — Eosinophil
Bilobed nucleus, red-orange granules.
II — Basophil
Lobed nucleus obscured by large blue-purple granules.
III — Lymphocyte
Large round nucleus, minimal cytoplasm.
IV — Neutrophil
Multi-lobed nucleus, fine granules.
EXPLANATION OF STATEMENT C:-
“The number of IV is significantly reduced in acute bacterial infections.”
IV (Neutrophil): First responders to bacterial infections.
Their number increases significantly (called neutrophilia) in acute bacterial infections.
Reduction (neutropenia) may occur in viral infections, certain bone marrow conditions, or after chemotherapy — not typically in acute bacterial infections
The enzyme that activates fibrinogens in the blood is:
(c)
Certain factors that can initiate coagulation of blood can be released by:
I. Platelets in the blood
II. Tissues at the site of injury
III. Liver
(a)
Incorrect in this context.
The liver synthesizes most clotting factors (like prothrombin, fibrinogen, etc.), but it does not release them in response to injury. These factors are circulating in the plasma, not acutely released by the liver at injury sites.
To prevent erythroblastosis fetalis in future pregnancies:
(a)
Match the plasma proteins in Column I with their function in Column II and select the correct answer from the codes given:
\(
\begin{array}{|l|l|l|l|}
\hline & \text { COLUMN I } & & \text { COLUMN II } \\
\hline \text { A. } & \text { Albumins } & \text { a. } & \text { Hemostasis } \\
\hline \text { B. } & \text { Globulins } & \text { b. } & \text { Transport carriers and immunity } \\
\hline \text { C. } & \text { Fibrinogen } & \text { c. } & \text { Colloid osmotic pressure } \\
\hline
\end{array}
\)
Codes:
\(
\begin{array}{|l|l|l|l|}
\hline & \text { A } & \text { B } & \text { C } \\
\hline 1 . & \text { a } & \text { b } & \text { c } \\
\hline 2 . & \text { a } & \text { c } & \text { b } \\
\hline 3 . & \text { b } & \text { a } & \text { c } \\
\hline 4 . & \text { c } & \text { b } & \text { a } \\
\hline
\end{array}
\)
(d)
The most popularly known blood grouping is the ABO grouping. It is named ABO and not ABC , because O in it refers to having
(a)
An \( \mathrm{Rh}+ \) ve female is pregnant with an \( \mathrm{Rh}-\mathrm{ve} \) fetus for the second time. The consequences can be:
(c)
The Rh incompatibility concern arises only when the mother is Rh-negative and the fetus is Rh-positive.
Which of these statements about the ABO blood group is NOT true?
(d)
The second largest component of plasma is:
(c)
A person has a complete blood count done. Which of the following would not be normal?
(b)
Among the parameters provided, the total WBC count of 1,500/μL is abnormally low and would not be considered normal. The other values fall within their respective normal ranges.
Formed elements and clotting factors are removed from the blood. The remaining fluid will be called as:
(c)
Another name for lymph would be:
(b)
Lymph does not contain:
(c)
Assertion: The left ventricle pumps the blood with greater force than the right ventricle.
Reason: The left ventricle pumps more blood than the right ventricle during each contraction.
(c)
Reason: False
Despite the difference in pressure, both the left and right ventricles pump approximately the same volume of blood with each contraction, known as the stroke volume. This balance ensures efficient circulation between the pulmonary and systemic circuits
Inter-atrial septum in the human heart is:
(a)
Match each item in Column I with one in Column II and select the correct answer from the codes given:
\(
\begin{array}{|l|l|l|l|}
\hline & \text { COLUMN I } & & \text { COLUMN II } \\
\hline \text { A. } & \text { Mitral valve } & \text { a. } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Allows blood flow from } \\
\text { left atrium to left ventricle }
\end{array} \\
\hline \text { B. } & \text { Papillary muscles } & \text { b. } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { does not allow back } \\
\text { opening of AV valves } \\
\text { during ventricular systole }
\end{array} \\
\hline \text { C. } & \text { AV node } & \text { c. } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Ensure all chambers do not } \\
\text { contract simultaneously }
\end{array} \\
\hline \text { D. } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Fibrous band between } \\
\text { atrial and ventricular } \\
\text { muscle mass }
\end{array} & \text { d. } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Ensures atria contract } \\
\text { before ventricles }
\end{array} \\
\hline
\end{array}
\)
Codes:
\(
\begin{array}{|l|l|l|l|l|}
\hline & \text { A } & \text { B } & \text { C } & \text { D } \\
\hline 1 . & \text { a } & \text { b } & \text { c } & \text { d } \\
\hline 2 . & \text { b } & \text { a } & \text { c } & \text { d } \\
\hline 3 . & \text { b } & \text { a } & \text { d } & \text { c } \\
\hline 4 . & \text { a } & \text { b } & \text { d } & \text { c } \\
\hline
\end{array}
\)
(d)
Assertion: Lymph that enters the lymph vessels from the interstitial spaces usually does not flow backwards along the vessels.
Reason: Unlike the cardiovascular system, the lymphatic system is not closed and has no central pump.
(b)
he assertion focuses on lymph flow within the lymphatic vessels themselves. The reason does not mention the specific mechanisms that prevent backflow within those vessels.
Purkinje fibers are:
(c)
The second heart sound [dub] is associated with simultaneous closure of:
(d)
Which of the following is not represented on an ECG of a healthy individual?
(d)
In the nodal tissue of the human heart, a conduction delay is seen in:
(b)
The first heart sound is heard during:
(a)
The first heart sound is heard during:
(a)
Identify the correct statements regarding the labelled Structures shown in the given diagram of the human heart:
Statement I: A carries oxygenated blood and B carries deoxygenated blood.
Statement II: D and C close simultaneously during the beginning of ventricular diastole.
Statement III: E and F close simultaneously during the beginning of ventricular systole.
(c)
A = Pulmonary artery (not pulmonary vein!) → It carries deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to lungs ❌
B = Pulmonary vein → It carries oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium ❌
✅ So this statement reverses the identities of A and B → FALSE
D = Tricuspid valve (right AV valve)
C = Bicuspid/Mitral valve (left AV valve)
💡 These AV valves close at the beginning of ventricular systole, not diastole.
During ventricular diastole, they open.
✅ Hence, this statement is FALSE
E = Pulmonary semilunar valve
F = Aortic semilunar valve
💡 These semilunar valves open during ventricular systole and close at the beginning of diastole.
So saying they close at the beginning of systole is incorrect.
✅ This statement is FALSE
Match each item in Column I with one in Column II and select the correct answer from the codes given:
\(
\begin{array}{|l|l|l|l|}
\hline & \text { COLUMN I } & & \text { COLUMN II } \\
\hline \text { A. } & \text { Closure of AV valves } & \text { a. } & \text { Second heart sound } \\
\hline \text { B. } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Closure of semilunar } \\
\text { valves }
\end{array} & \text { b. } & \text { First heart sound } \\
\hline \text { C. } & \text { Opening of AV valves } & \text { c. } & \text { Ventricular ejection } \\
\hline \text { D. } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Opening of semilunar } \\
\text { valves }
\end{array} & \begin{array}{l}
\text { d. } \\
\end{array} & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Passive ventricular } \\
\text { filling }
\end{array} \\
\hline
\end{array}
\)
Codes:
\(
\begin{array}{|l|l|l|l|l|}
\hline & \text { A } & \text { B } & \text { C } & \text { D } \\
\hline 1 . & \text { a } & \text { b } & \text { c } & \text { d } \\
\hline 2 . & \text { b } & \text { a } & \text { c } & \text { d } \\
\hline 3 . & \text { b } & \text { a } & \text { d } & \text { c } \\
\hline 4 . & \text { a } & \text { b } & \text { d } & \text { c } \\
\hline
\end{array}
\)
(c)
Consider the given statements regarding the nodal tissue of human heart as shown in the given diagram:
I: A is the normal pacemaker of the human heart and B is the pace-setter of the human heart.
II: While A is made up of muscle tissue, B is made up of neural tissue.
(a)
A = SA Node (Sinoatrial Node)
B = AV Node (Atrioventricular Node)
Completely incorrect.
Both SA and AV nodes are made of specialized cardiac muscle tissue (not neurons).
So, Statement II is false
Assertion: If the SA node does not function, or the impulse generated in the SA node is blocked before it travels down the electrical conduction system, the heart would stop.
Reason: No other part of the nodal tissue of the heart is capable of generating the impulse.
(d)
Assertion is False
FALSE — Because:
If SA node fails, the AV node (secondary pacemaker) or Purkinje system can still generate impulses.
The heart will not stop, but beat more slowly (bradycardia).
Reason is also False:
FALSE — Because:
AV node, Bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers can all generate impulses (they are all automatic to varying degrees).
They are backup pacemakers.
All the following statements regarding joint diastole phase of the cardiac cycle are correct except:
(d)
Statement IV:- Semilunar valves remain open – ❌ Incorrect. During diastole, semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonary valves) are closed, preventing backflow of blood into the ventricles.
On a surface ECG, the end of ventricular systole is marked by:
(c)
Two atria are present in the heart of all the following Vertebrates except:
(a)
Which among the following is correct during each cardiac cycle?
(a)
During ventricular contraction in a cardiac cycle:
(a)
The semilunar valves will open during a normal cardiac cycle when the pressure in the left ventricle is
(a)
The correct answer is:
1. greater than the pressure in the aorta.
Semilunar valves (specifically the aortic valve and pulmonary valve) open when the pressure inside the ventricles exceeds the pressure in the arteries (aorta and pulmonary artery).
During ventricular systole, the left ventricle contracts.
When the left ventricular pressure exceeds aortic pressure, the aortic valve (a semilunar valve) opens, allowing blood to flow into the aorta.
If the ventricular pressure is less than or equal to the aortic pressure, the valve remains closed.
Thus, the semilunar valves open only when:
Ventricular pressure > Arterial pressure
The location of the human heart is most accurately described as:
(c)
Consider the diagram of the human heart with various parts labeled as numbers. All statements given will be correct except:
(c)
Superior vena cava – brings deoxygenated blood from the upper body to the right atrium
Right atrium
Tricuspid valve – between right atrium and right ventricle
Right ventricle
Left ventricle
Mitral (bicuspid) valve – between left atrium and left ventricle
Left atrium
Aorta – carries oxygenated blood from left ventricle to body
Analysis of option 3
Left ventricle (5) does have thicker musculature — because it pumps blood to the entire body (systemic circulation) at higher pressure.
It does not pump more blood than the right ventricle (4).
Both ventricles pump equal volumes of blood per beat (stroke volume), to maintain balance between systemic and pulmonary circulation.
🔸 The volume is equal, though pressure is different.
The human heart is derived from embryonic
(b)
Which of the following valves is also known as the ‘Mitral‘ valve?
(b)
To obtain a standard ECG, a patient is connected to the machine with three electrical leads including all the following except:
(c)
The portal systems seen in humans include:
I. Hepatic portal system
II. Renal portal system
III. Hypothalamic Hypophyseal portal system
(b)
Not present in humans
Found in lower vertebrates like amphibians, reptiles, and birds.
In this system, blood from the hind limbs passes through kidney capillaries before reaching the heart.
Humans lack a renal portal system.
The ‘double circulation’ of humans includes:
I. Systemic circulation
II. Coronary circulation
III. Pulmonary circulation
IV. Portal circulation
(a)
Consider the two given statements:
I. Pulmonary circulation carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs and brings oxygenated blood back to the heart.
II. The systemic circulation provides nutrients, oxygen and other essential substances to the tissues and takes carbon dioxide and other harmful substances away for elimination.
(c)
Cardiac activity could be moderated by the autonomic nervous system. Tick the correct answer:
(b)
Match each item in Column I with one in Column II and select the correct answer from the codes given:
\(
\begin{array}{|l|l|}
\hline
\textbf{Column I} & \textbf{Column II} \\
\hline
\text{A. Heart failure} & \text{a. Lowered ejection fraction of a ventricle} \\
\text{B. Heart attack} & \text{b. Damage to the cardiac muscle} \\
\text{C. Heart block} & \text{c. Abnormal delay in conduction in nodal tissue} \\
\text{D. Cardiac arrest} & \text{d. Sudden stoppage of the heart} \\
\hline
\end{array}
\)
Codes:
\(
\begin{array}{|l|l|l|l|l|}
\hline & \text { A } & \text { B } & \text { C } & \text { D } \\
\hline 1 . & \text { a } & \text { b } & \text { c } & \text { d } \\
\hline 2 . & \text { b } & \text { a } & \text { c } & \text { d } \\
\hline 3 . & \text { b } & \text { a } & \text { d } & \text { c } \\
\hline 4 . & \text { a } & \text { d } & \text { b } & \text { c } \\
\hline
\end{array}
\)
(a)
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