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Pick up the wrong statement \([2015]\)
(c) The kingdom Monera possesses unicellular organisms (c.g – bacteria) having no nuclear membrane.
Five kingdom system of classification suggested by R.H. Whittaker is not based on: [2014]
(a) Five kingdom system of classification was proposed by R.H. Whittaker (1969). The five-kingdom classification is based on the following criteria :
– Complexity of cell structure-Prokaryotes or eukaryotes.
– Complexity of organisms body Unicellular or multicellular.
– Mode of obtaining nutrition-Autotrophic or heterotrophic.
– Phylogenetic relationships.
In the five-kingdom system of classification, which single kingdom out of the following can include blue-green algae, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and methanogenic archaebacteria? [1998,2003]
(d) Monera is the prokaryotic kingdom that includes bacteria, blue-green algae (cyanobacteria), and archae-bacteria (a group of ancient bacteria).
In five-kingdom system, the main basis of classification is [2002]
(b) The five-kingdom classification is a mode of classification based on the following criteria.
– Complexity of cell structure
– Complexity of body structure
– Modes of nutrition
– Ecological life styles
– Phylogenetic relationship
A system of classification in which a large number of traits are considered is [1999]
(c) Artificial system of classification is based on comparison of one or a few characters. A system based upon a large no. of natural characters or traits is the natural system of classification. Proposed by de Jussieu, phylogenetic system of classification indicates the evolutionary or phylogenetic relationship of organisms.
Phylogenetic classification is based on [1994]
(d) The first phylogenetic system of classification was proposed by Adolf Engler and his associate Karl Prantl in their monograph “Die Naturlichen Pflanzen Familien”. In this system of classification, organisms are classified on the basis of evolutionary sequence and genetic relationship among the organisms. Hence, this system is highly dynamic not static.
During the early period in taxonomy, only external morphology (the characters observable with naked eye) were the sole criteria to classify plants and animals. Theophrastus gave names and description of 480 plants in his book “Historia plantarum”, on the basis of their habit but Pliny the Elder introduced first artificial system of classification in his book Historia Naturalis. He classified both plants and animals.
(c) During the early period in taxonomy, only external morphology (the characters observable with the naked eye) were the sole criteria to classify plants and animals. Theophrastus gave names and descriptions of 480 plants in his book “Historia plantarum”, on the basis of their habit but Pliny the Elder introduced the first artificial system of classification in his book Historia Naturalis. He classified both plants and animals.
System of classification used by Linnaeus was [CBSE AIPMT 1989]
(b) Linnaeus put forward an “Artificial system” of plant classification which was based on sexual characters. It is commonly also called as sexual system of plant classification.
Classification given by Bentham and Hooker is [CBSE AIPMT 1988]
(b) George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker have given Natural system of classification. In this system of classification all the important characteristic of the organisms that provide information regarding their natural relationship are taken into consideration which helps in bringing out the maximum number of similarities in a group and comparable differences with other groups of organisms. For example, mammals are characterized by the presence of mammary gland, hair, vivipary, 4 chambered heart, etc.
One scientist cultured Cladophora in a suspension of Azotobacter and illuminated the culture by splitting light through a prism. He observed that bacteria accumulated mainly in the region of: [NEET 2019]
(d) Azotobacter is aerobic bacteria. and Cladophora is a green alga. Engelmann used a prism to split light into its spectral components, and then illuminated a green alga, Cladophora, placed in a suspension of aerobic bacteria. The bacteria were used to detect the sites of oxygen evolution.
He observed that aerobic bacteria accumulated mainly in the region of blue and red light of the split spectrum thus giving the first action spectrum of photosynthesis.
Theodor Wilhelm Engelmann was a German botanist, whose 1882 experiment measured the effects of different colours of light on photosynthetic activity and showed that the conversion of light energy to chemical energy took place in the chloroplast.
Match the organisms in column I with habitats in column II. [NEET 2019]
Column-IÂ Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â column-II
(A) Halophiles               (i) Hot springs
(B) Thermoacidophiles       (ii) Aquatic environment
(C) Methanogens            (iii) Guts of ruminants
(D) Cyanobacteria           (iv) Salty areas
Select the correct answer from the options given below :
(b) Halophiles live in salty areas.
Thermoacidophiles are present in hot springs. Methanogens are present in the gut of several ruminants.
Cyanobacteria can be present in freshwater/ marine or terrestrial habitats.
Which among the following is not a prokaryote? [NEET 2018]
(a) Saccharomyces i.e. yeast is a eukaryote (unicellular fungi). Mycobacterium is a bacterium. Oscillatoria and Nostoc are cyanobacteria.
Which of the following are found in extreme saline conditions? [NEET 2017]
(d) Archaebacteria are able to survive in harsh conditions due to the presence of branched lipid chain in the cell membrane that reduces the fluidity of the cell membrane. It includes halophiles which are exclusively found in saline habitats.
The halophiles, named after the Greek word for “salt-loving”, are extremophiles that thrive in high salt concentrations. While most halophiles are classified into the domain Archaea, there are also bacterial halophiles and some eukaryotic species, such as the alga Dunaliella salina and fungus Wallemia ichthyophaga.
Which of the following components provides a sticky character to the bacterial cell? [NEET 2017]
(c) Sticky character of the bacterial wall is due to glycocalyx which is rich in glycoproteins.
When on eukaryotic cells the glycocalyx can be a factor used for the recognition of the cell. On bacterial cells, the glycocalyx provides a protective coat from host factors.
Which among the following are the smallest living cells, known without a definite cell wall, pathogenic to plants as well as animals, and can survive without oxygen? [NEET 2017]
(b) Mycoplasmas are the smallest, prokaryotes lacking cell walls and are pleomorphic in nature. These are pathogenic to both plants and animals.
Which of the following structures is not found in a prokaryotic cell? [CBSE AIPMT 2015]
(c) Nuclear envelope is not found in a prokaryotic cell.
The structures that help some bacteria to attach to rocks and/or host tissues are: [CBSE AIPMT 2015]
(a) Fimbriae assist some bacteria in attaching to rocks or host body for obtaining establishment and nutrition.
A holdfast is a root-like structure that anchors aquatic sessile organisms, such as seaweed, other sessile algae, stalked crinoids, benthic cnidarians, and sponges, to the substrate.
Archaebacteria differ from eubacteria in: [CBSE AIPMT 2014]
(d) Archaebacteria differ from other bacteria in having a different cell wall structure. They lack peptidoglyan in the cell wall and possess a monolayer of branched fatty acids attached to glycerol by ether bonds in their cell membranes.
The motile bacteria are able to move by: [CBSE AIPMT 2014]
(c) Motile bacteria have thin filamentous extensions on their cell wall called flagella.
Which of the following are likely to be present in deep sea water? [NEET 2013]
(d) Archaebactera live in some of the most harsh habitats such as extreme salty areas (halophiles), hot springs (thermoacidophiles), and marshy areas (methanogens), and in deep seawater.
Specialized cells for fixing atmospheric nitrogen in Nostoc are [NEET Karnatak 2013]
(b) Heterocysts are large-sized, thick-walled specialized cells that occur in the terminal, intercalary or lateral position in filamentous cyanobacteria, e.g., Nostoc. They have enzyme nitrogenase and are specialized to perform biological nitrogen fixation.
The most abundant prokaryotes helpful to humans in making curd from milk and in the production of antibiotics are the ones categorized as: [CBSE AIPMT 2012]
(d) The most abundant prokaryotes helpful to humans in making curd from milk and in the production of antibiotics are the heterotrophic bacteria. Lactobacillis bacteria convert milk into curd.
The cyanobacteria are also referred to as [CBSE AIPMT 2012]
(d) Cyanobacteria are also referred as blue green algae, they perform oxygenic photosynthesis. They are most successful autotrophic organisms on earth which are found in all types of environment – fresh water, sea water, salt marshes, moist rocks, tree trunks, moist soils, hot springs, frozen waters.
How many organisms in the list given below are autotrophs? Lactobacillus, Nostoc, Chara, Nitrosomonas, Nitrobacter, Streptomyces, Saccharomyces, Trypanosomes, Porphyra, Wolffia [CBSE AIPMT 2012]
(c) Autotrophs are those organisms that are able to make energy-containing organic molecules from inorganic raw material by using basic sunlight. Nostoc, Chara, Porphyra, and Wolffia are photoautotrophs while Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter are chemoautotrophs.
In eubacteria, a cellular component that resembles eukaryotic cells is: [CBSE AIPMT 2011]
(a) Eubacteria are prokaryotic but eubacteria are enclosed by plasma membrane like eukaryotic cells.
Organisms called methanogens are most abundant in a: [CBSE AIPMT 2011]
(b) Methanogens are archaebacteria, abundant in cattle yard and paddy fields.
Methanogens produce methane as a metabolic byproduct in hypoxic conditions. They are prokaryotic and belong to the domain of archaea.
Bacterial leaf blight of rice is caused by a species of [CBSE AIPMT 2008]
(a) Bacterial leaf blight of rice is caused by a species of Xanthomonas. Mature rice plant are infected by these bacteria, lesion begins as water-soaked stripes on the leaf blades and eventually would increase in length and width becoming yellow to grayish-white until the entire leaf dries up.
In the light of the recent classification of living organisms into three domains of life (bacteria, archaea, and eukarya), which one of the following statements is true about archaea? [CBSE AIPMT 2008]
(b) A domain of prokaryotic organisms containing the archaebacteria including the methanogens, which produce methane; the thermoacidophilic bacteria, which live in extremely hot and acidic environments, & the halophilic bacteria, which can only function at high salt concentrations are abundant in the world’s oceans.
Thermococcus, Methanococcus, and Methanobacterium exemplify: [CBSE AIPMT 2008]
(a) Thermococcus, Methanococcus and Methanobacterium exemplify archaebacteria that contain protein homologous to eukaryotic core histones.
Which one of the following statements about mycoplasma is wrong? [CBSE AIPMT 2007]
(b) While working at the Rockefeller Institute, Brown reported isolation of a PPLO from human arthritic joint tissue in 1938. In 1949, Diennes reported to the 7th International Rheumatology Congress, the isolation of PPLO from the genitourinary tracts of men afflicted with arthritis. In discussing the significance of this observation, Brown reported successful treatment of arthritic patients in 1949 with a new antibiotic called aureomycin (Clark, 1997).
In which of the animal’s dimorphic nucleus is found? [CBSE AIPMT 2005]
(d) Paramecium has two types of nucleus, a larger macronucleus involved with the vegetative activities and a smaller one involved with reproduction.
The most thoroughly studied fact of the known bacteria-plant interactions is the [CBSE AIPMT 2004]
(b) This phenomenon has been successfully used in genetic engineering to produce disease-resistant varieties of plants.
The chief advantage of encystment to an Amoeba is [CBSE AIPMT 2003]
(b) Encystment enables the zygote to survive under adverse or infavourable conditions wherein it lies dormant.
Which bacteria is utilized in the gober gas plant? [CBSE AIPMT 2002]
(a) Methanobacillus (methanogen) occurs in marshes and also in dung. It produces \(\mathrm{CH}_{4}\) gas under anaerobic condition and is utilized in the gobar gas plant.
Methanogenesis from the biomass in the anoxic biogas reactors is catalyzed by syntrophic cooperation between anaerobic bacteria, syntrophic acetogenic bacteria, and methanogenic archaea.
Which statement is correct for bacterial transduction? [CBSE AIPMT 2002]
(a) Transduction is virus-mediated gene transfer in bacteria.
Viral transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another is an example of horizontal gene transfer.
What is true for cyanobacteria? [CBSE AIPMT 2001]
(a) Cyanobacteria are oxygenic photoautotroph. Many members perform nitrogen fixation.
What is true for archaebacteria? [CBSE AIPMT 2001]
(d) Archaebacteria are the most ancient and halogenous group of bacteria and are called living fossils.
The main difference in Gram (+)ve and Gram (-)ve bacteria resides in their [CBSE AIPMT 2001]
(a) Gram +(ve) and Gram -(ve) bacteria are separated on the basis of their cell wall composition. Christian Gram, on the basis of staining behaviour of the cell wall with Gram’s stain, grouped bacteria into Gram +ve and Gram -ve type. The bacteria which retain blue or purple colour after staining are Gram +ve e.g. Bacillus subtilis and which loses blue colour is Gram -ve e.g. E. coli. In Gram -ve, stain is washed due to high lipid content in the cell having a thick wall, Gram +ve has single-layered cell wall rich in peptidoghycans which retain the colour.
Photosynthetic bacteria have pigments in [CBSE AIPMT 1999]
(d) Chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and leucoplasts are the types of plastids found in higher plants. Chloroplasts contain the green pigment chlorophyll.
In prokaryotes, the genetic material is [CBSE AIPMT 1999]
(d) In prokayotes nucleoid consist of double-stranded circular DNA without histone protein.
A few organisms are known to grow and multiply at temperatures of \(100-105^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). They belong to [CBSE AIPMT 1998]
(a) These are archaebacteria that can tolerate high temperatures.
The transfer of genetic information from one bacterium to another in the transduction process is through
[CBSE AIPMT 1998]
(b) Transfer of genetic information from one bacterium to another by physical contact is called conjugation while if it takes place by some other medium like virus then it is called transduction.
The hereditary material present in the bacterium Escherichia coli is [CBSE AIPMT 1998]
(c) In (E.coli) double-stranded DNA is present. E. coli is a Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped, coliform bacterium of the genus Escherichia that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms. Most types of \(E\). coli are harmless and even help keep your digestive tract healthy. But some strains can cause diarrhea if you eat contaminated food or drink fouled water.
Sex factor in bacteria is [CBSE AIPMT 1996]
(b) Sex-factor or F-factor in bacteria results in high-frequency conjugation. It allows bacteria to produce sex pilus necessary for conjugation.
Temperature tolerance of thermal blue-green algae is due to [CBSE AIPMT 1994]
(d) Some of the blue green algae can tolerate extremes of temperature due to the presence of gelatinous sheath, and compactness of protein molecules in protoplasm.
Nitrogen fixer soil organisms belong to [CBSE AIPMT 1994]
(b) Only some bacteria and blue green algae (cynobacteria) have the capacity to fix atmospheric nitrogen.
– Bacteria: Azotobacter, Rhizobium, Frankia etc.
– Blue green algae: Nostoc, Oscillatoria, Anabaena etc.
Entamoeba coli causes [CBSE AIPMT 1994]
(d) Pyrrhoea is caused by bacterial infections along with other factors, Diarrhoea by caused by rotavirus along with many other factors. Dysentery is caused by Entamoeba histolytica.
Entamoeba coli is a non-pathogenic species of Entamoeba that frequently exists as a commensal parasite in the human gastrointestinal tract. \(E\). coli is important in medicine because it can be confused during microscopic examination of stained stool specimens with the pathogenic Entamoeba histolytica.
Escherichia coli is used extensively in biological research as it is [CBSE AIPMT 1993]
(a) Escherichia coli, lives as a symbiont in the human intestine.
Genophore/bacterial genome or nucleoid is made of [CBSE AIPMT 1993]
(c) The bacterial genome/nucleoid is made of single circular double-stranded DNA without histone protein as it is a prokaryotic organism. The genome contains some 100 chemical sites or loci. Each locus in \(E\). coli contains about 40 genes.
Bacteria lack alternation of generation because there is [CBSE AIPMT 1992]
(a) In bacteria asexual reproduction through binary fission is the most common method of multiplication. Sexual reproduction which comprises of syngamy and meiosis is entirely absent. Hence, no gamete formation takes place. In sexually reproducing organism alternation of generation occurs.
Name the organisms which do not derive energy directly or indirectly from sun [CBSE AIPMT 1991]
(a) Chemosynthetic bacteria do not require sunlight as a source of energy either directly or indirectly. The energy for the synthesis of food is obtained by the oxidation of certain inorganic substances present in the medium. The chemical energy obtained from oxidation reaction is trapped in ATP molecules. The ATP is used in \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) assimilation.
Which one belongs to monera? [CBSE AIPMT 1990]
(b) Whittaker (1969) divided organisms into five kingdoms: Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia. Kingdom Monera includes all prokaryotes – Mycoplasma, bacteria, actinomycetes, blue-green algae, archaebacteria, and methanogens. Escherichia is bacteria, Amoeba, and Gelidium comes under Protista, and Spirogyra is algae.
Which of the following organisms are known as chief producers in the oceans? [NEET 2018]
(b) Diatoms are the chief producers in some oceans and in some seasons as they are the primary producers and the food chain in the marine ecosystem depends on it.
Ciliates differ from all other protozoans in [NEET 2018]
(c) Ciliates differ from other protozoans in having two types of nuclei. E.g., Paramoecium has two types of nuclei i.e. macronucleus & micronucleus.
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