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In which animal, nerve cell is present but brain is absent?
(d) Hydra possesses primitive type of nervous system. All neurons are similar and joined with one another to form a nerve net but brain is absent.
Read the given statements and select the incorrect one.
(b) In earthworms, nervous system consists of a ventral nerve cord, paired ganglia and segmental nerves.
Neurons in sponges are
Sponges are the only multicellular animals without a nervous system. They do not have any nerve cells or sensory cells. However, touch or pressure to the outside of a sponge will cause a local contraction of its body. Adult sponges lack neurons or any other kind of nervous tissue. However, most species have the ability to perform movements that are coordinated all over their bodies, mainly contractions of the pinacocytes, squeezing the water channels and thus expelling excess sediment and other substances that may cause blockages.
So the correct option is ‘Absent’.
Visceral nervous system is part of
The visceral nervous system is a component of the peripheral nervous system. It is composed of all nerves that transfer information between the visceral organs and the central nervous system (CNS).
Afferent nerve fibre carries impulses from
(b)Â The sensory nerves that carry impulses from the receptors to CNS are called afferent nerve fibres.
Skeletal muscles are controlled by
(c) Somatic nerves innervate the skeletal muscles. Therefore, these nerves control the movements of the body by acting on the skeletal muscles.
In a human being, the number of cranial nerves is
(a) In a human being, the number of cranial nerves are 12 pairs. These are olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, auditory, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory and hypoglossal nerves.
Select the correct match.
In a man, abducens nerve is injured. Which one of the following functions will be affected?
(a) Abducens nerve is a motor nerve that controls the movement of the eyeball.
Which one of the following transmits impulses to central neural system?
(d) The auditory nerve is a sensory nerve that transmits impulses from the internal ear to the central neural system.
Sympathetic neural system
\(\rightarrow\) one type of Autonomic Nervous system (ANS)
\(\rightarrow\) stimulates fight or flight responses of body
\(\longrightarrow\) causes pupil dilation
\(\rightarrow\) increases: heart rate and Respiration rate.
\(\rightarrow\) increases \(\rightarrow\) perspiration.
\(\rightarrow\) causes constriction of blood vessels \(\rightarrow\) increase in BP.
Which of the following nerves is purely a motor nerve
(c) Abducens nerve is a motor nerve that controls the movement of the eyeball.
Which of the following cranial nerves of man is both sensory and motor?
There are four cranial nerves that carry out both sensory as well as motor functions. They are trigeminal (V), facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX) and vagus X.
The trigeminal nerves are the largest of cranial nerves which forms three branches; ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular. It is both sensory and motor in function. Sensory functions include relating information of touch, pain and temperature of the face. Motor functions include control of muscles for chewing.
Vagus nerve effects
(d)Â Vagus nerve innervates the pharynx, larynx, oesophagus, stomach, lungs, heart and intestines. It is a mixed nerve. It controls the visceral sensations and visceral movements (peristalsis, sound production, respiratory movements, heart beat).
Injury to vagus nerve in humans is not likely to affect
(a) Vagus nerve innervates pharynx, larynx, oesophagus, stomach, lungs, heart and intestines. Thus, injury to vagus nerve will not affect tongue movements as it does not innervate tongue.
Which of the following cranial nerves has the highest number of branches?
The trigeminal nerve (the fifth cranial nerve, or simply \(\mathrm{CN} \mathrm{V}\) ) is a nerve responsible for sensation in the face and motor functions such as biting and chewing; it is the largest of the cranial nerves. Its name (“trigeminal” = tri-, or three, and – geminus, or twin: thrice-twinned) derives from the fact that each of the two nerves (one on each side of the pons) has three major branches: the ophthalmic nerve (V1), the maxillary nerve (V2), and the mandibular nerve (V3). The ophthalmic and maxillary nerves are purely sensory, whereas the mandibular nerve supplies motor as well as sensory (or “cutaneous”) functions.
The motor division of the trigeminal nerve derives from the basal plate of the embryonic pons, and the sensory division originates in the cranial neural crest. Sensory information from the face and body is processed by parallel pathways in the central nervous system.
So the correct option is ‘Trigeminal nerve’.
How many pairs of cranial nerves are mixed nerves?
(c) 4 pairs of cranial nerves are mixed nerves. These are trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves.
Hypoglossal nerve controls the movements of
(c) Hypoglossal nerve is a motor nerve that controls the movements of the tongue.
In a human being, the number of spinal nerves is
(a) There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves. These are named and numbered according to the vertebrae with which they are associated. They include 8 pairs of cervical nerves, 12 pairs of thoracic nerves, 5 pairs of lumbar nerves, 5 pairs of sacral nerves and 1 pair of coccygeal nerves.
The flow chart given here shows the functional organisation of the human neural system. Identify A to E and select the correct option.
The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is one of two components that make up the nervous system of bilateral animals, with the other part being the central nervous system. The PNS consists of the nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord. The autonomic nervous system (ANS), formerly the vegetative nervous system, is a division of the peripheral nervous system that supplies smooth muscle and glands, and thus influences the function of internal organs. The autonomic nervous system has three branches: the sympathetic nervous system, the parasympathetic nervous system and the enteric nervous system.
Thus, the correct answer is ‘A-CNS, B-PNS, C-ANS, D-Sympathetic neural system, E-Parasympathetic neural system.’
One of the examples of the action of the autonomous neural system is
(d) Autonomous neural system controls and coordinates the involuntary activities of various organs. It regulates involuntary activities of the body, i.e., activities which are not under the will power of the animal, e.g., swallowing of food, pupillary reflex, peristalsis of the intestine, etc.
Sympathetic neural system induces
(b) Sympathetic neural system accelerates heartbeat and inhibits secretion of digestive juices and saliva.
Which of the following options correctly identifies the effect of sympathetic and parasympathetic neural system on given features or organs?
\(
\begin{array}{|l|l|l|l|}
\hline & \text { Feature/ organ } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { sympathetic neural } \\
\text { system }
\end{array} & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Parasym- pathetic } \\
\text { neural system }
\end{array} \\
\hline \text { (a) } & \text { Salivary glands } & \text { Stimulates secretion } & \text { Inhibits secretion } \\
\hline \text { (b) } & \text { Pupil of the eye } & \text { Dilates } & \text { Constricts } \\
\hline \text { (c) } & \text { Heart rate } & \text { Decreases } & \text { increases } \\
\hline \text { (d) } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Intestinal } \\
\text { peristalsis }
\end{array} & \text { Decreases Stimulates } & \text { Increases inhibits } \\
\hline
\end{array}
\)
\(
\begin{array}{|l|l|l|}
\hline {\begin{array}{c}
\text { Feature/ } \\
\text { organ }
\end{array}} & {\begin{array}{c}
\text { Sympathetic } \\
\text { neural system }
\end{array}} & \begin{array}{c}
\text { Parasympathetic } \\
\text { neural system }
\end{array} \\
\hline \text { Salivary glands } & \text { Inhibits secretion } & \text { Stimulates secretion } \\
\hline \text { Pupil of the eye } & \text { Dilates } & \text { Constricts } \\
\hline \text { Heart rate } & \text { Increases } & \text { Decreases } \\
\hline \text { Intestinal peristalsis } & \text { Inhibits } & \text { Stimulates } \\
\hline
\end{array}
\)
Which of the following pairs correctly identifies function of parasympathetic nervous system?
Parasympathetic Nervous system: It is active during relaxing times, restoring normal activity after stress.
Sympathetic Nervous system: Active during stressful conditions, preparing the body to face them.
A. It is the function of parasympathetic nervous system.
B. Increase secretion of sweat gland by sympathetic nervous system and promote secretion of intestinal juice by parasympathetic nervous system.
C. Accelerates heart beat by sympathetic nervous system and dilates arteries by parasympathetic nervous system.
D. Raises blood pressure by sympathetic nervous system and increases peristaltic activity by parasympathetic nervous system.
So, the correct answer is ‘Slows heart beat, promotes pancreatic secretion’.
Visceral nervous system comprises of
The given figure shows the structure of a neuron. Select the option that correctly identifies the parts labelled as A to E.
\(
\begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline & \text { A } & \text { B } & \text { C } & \text { D } & \text { E } \\
\hline \text { (a) } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Nerve } \\
\text { fibres }
\end{array} & \text { Cyton } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Schwann } \\
\text { cell }
\end{array} & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Node of } \\
\text { Ranvier }
\end{array} & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Synaptic } \\
\text { knob }
\end{array} \\
\hline \text { (b) } & \text { Dendrites } & \text { Cyton } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Schwann } \\
\text { cell }
\end{array} & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Node of } \\
\text { Ranvier }
\end{array} & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Synapti } \\
\text { knob }
\end{array} \\
\hline \text { (c) } & \text { Dendrites } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Nerve } \\
\text { cell }
\end{array} & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Schwann } \\
\text { cell }
\end{array} & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Synaptic } \\
\text { knob }
\end{array} & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Node of } \\
\text { Ranvier }
\end{array} \\
\hline \text { (d) } & \text { Axons } & \text { cyton } & \text { Nerve cell } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Node of } \\
\text { Ranvier }
\end{array} & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Synapti } \\
\text { knob }
\end{array} \\
\hline
\end{array}
\)
Neurons vary in shape, size and structure according to their location and function. Nearly all neurons have three parts namely: cell body, axon and dendrites. Some axons are covered with myelin sheath i.e. insulated fatty substance, which is formed by Schwann cells.
Myelin sheath is formed by
(c) Each segment of myelin sheath is formed by one Schwann cell. Myelin sheath is present in the myelinated (medullated) nerve fibres.
In a medullated nerve fibre, the conduction of impulse is faster due to the presence of
Medullated nerve fibres are covered by myelin sheath. The conduction of impulse is faster in medullated nerve fibre due to the presence of myelin sheath and nodes of Ranvier.
Read the given paragraph.
In the resting state, the axonal membrane is (i) with more (ii) charged ions outside than inside. This unequal distribution of ions is due to the selective permeability of the membrane, which forms an almost impenetrable barrier to (iii) and the action of the (iv) which pumps (v) \(\mathrm{Na}^{+}\)out of the neuron for every (vi) \(\mathrm{K}^{+}\)brought in. Select the option that correctly fills the blanks in the paragraph.
\(
\begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline & \text { (i) } & \text { (ii) } & \text { (iii) } & \text { (iv) } & \text { (v) } & \text { (iv) } \\
\hline \text { (a) } & \text { depolarised } & \text { positively } & \mathrm{Na}^{+} & \begin{array}{l}
\text { sodium- potassium } \\
\text { pump }
\end{array} & \text { three } & \text { two } \\
\hline \text { (b) } & \text { depolarised } & \text { negatively } & \mathrm{Na}^{+} & \begin{array}{l}
\text { sodium-potasium } \\
\text { pump }
\end{array} & \text { three } & \text { two } \\
\hline \text { (c) } & \text { polarised } & \text { negatively } & N a^{+} & \begin{array}{l}
\text { sodium-potasium } \\
\text { pump }
\end{array} & \text { three } & \text { two } \\
\hline \text { (d) } & \text { polarised } & \text { positively } & \mathrm{Na}^{+} & \begin{array}{l}
\text { sodium-potasium } \\
\text { pump }
\end{array} & \text { three } & \text { two } \\
\hline
\end{array}
\)
In the resting state, the axonal membrane is polarised with more positively charged ions outside than inside, unequal distribution of ions is due to the selective permeability of the membrane, which forms impermeable barrier to sodium ion and the action of the sodium which pumps three sodium ions out of the neuron for every two potassium ions brought in.
Thus, the correct option is ‘(i) – polarised, (ii) – positively, (iii) – \(\mathrm{Na}^{+}\), (iv) sodium – potassium pump, (v) – three, (vi) – two.
A nerve fibre during resting stage is
(b) When a neuron is not conducting any impulse, i.e., resting, the axonal membrane is comparatively more permeable to potassium ions \(\left(\mathrm{K}^{+}\right)\)and nearly impermeable to sodium ions \(\left(\mathrm{Na}^{+}\right)\).
Which of the following options illustrates the distribution of \(\mathrm{Na}^{+}\)and \(\mathrm{K}^{+}\)ions in a section of non-myelinated axon which is at resting potential?
(a) When a neuron is at resting potential, i.e., not conducting any impulse, the axonal membrane is comparatively more permeable to \(\mathrm{K}^{+}\)ions and nearly impermeable to \(\mathrm{Na}^{+}\)ions. Consequently, the axoplasm inside the axon contains high concentration of \(\mathrm{K}^{+}\)ions. In contrast, the fluid outside the axon has a high concentration of \(\mathrm{Na}^{+}\)ions and thus, forms a concentration gradient.
Sodium-potassium pump transports
(d) Each \(\mathrm{Na}^{+}-\mathrm{K}^{+}\)pump expels three \(\mathrm{Na}^{+}\)ions for every two \(\mathrm{K}^{+}\)ions imported.
In the resting state of the neural membrane, diffusion due to concentration gradients, if allowed, would drive
(d) The concentration gradients across the resting membrane are maintained by the active transport of ions by the sodiumpotassium pump which transports \(3 \mathrm{Na}^{+}\)outward for \(2 \mathrm{~K}^{+}\)into the cell.
Which of the following statements are correct regarding \(\mathrm{Na}^{+}-\mathrm{K}^{+}\)pump?
(i) Needs energy (ATP) to work
(ii) Expels \(3 \mathrm{Na}^{+}\)for every \(2 \mathrm{~K}^{+}\)ions imported
(iii) Works against a concentration gradient
(iv) Maintains resting potential
The sodium-potassium pump is an ATPase present in the cell membrane which transfers \(3 \mathrm{Na}^{+}\)out of the cell and \(2 \mathrm{~K}^{+}\)into the cell at the expense of an ATP. Both the ions are exchanged against their electrochemical gradient. It works via active transport. It maintains the potassium ion gradient across the membrane, therefore resulting in balancing the resting membrane potential. Thus the solution is \(\mathrm{D}\), all the statements are correct.
The electrical potential difference between outside and inside of a nerve axon before excitation is known as
(a) The electrical potential difference between outside and inside of a nerve fibre before excitation (polarised nerve fibre) is known as resting potential whose value is \(-70 \mathrm{mV}\).
A typical value of resting membrane potential is
(b) The electrical potential difference between outside and inside of a nerve fibre before excitation (polarised nerve fibre) is known as resting potential whose value is \(-70 \mathrm{mV}\).
Complete the following paragraph by selecting the option that gives the correct sequence of words. When a stimulus is applied at a site on the polarised membrane, the membrane at that site becomes freely permeable to (i) ions. It causes rapid influx of (ii) ions leading to (iii) of the membrane.
\(
\begin{array}{|l|l|l|l|}
\hline & \text { (i) } & \text { (ii) } & \text { (iii) } \\
\hline \text { (a) } & N a^{+} & K^{+} & \text {depolarisation } \\
\hline \text { (b) } & K^{+} & K^{+} & \text {depolarisation } \\
\hline \text { (c) } & K^{+} & N a^{+} & \text {depolarisation } \\
\hline \text { (d) } & N a^{+} & N a^{+} & \text {depolarisation } \\
\hline
\end{array}
\)
Â
During depolarisation, the outer surface of the membrane becomes
During depolarisation, due to the influx of \(\mathrm{Na}+\) ions into the cell leads to change the cell’s exterior to more negatively charged. This change can also be mediated by an efflux of any kind of cation.
Depolarisation of axolemma during nerve conduction takes place because
The axon is immersed in the extracellular fluid (ECF). In the axoplasm negatively charged protein molecules are present, which are neutralized due to the presence of large amount of \(\mathrm{K}^{+}\)ions. In the ECF (outside the axon) the negatively charged \(\mathrm{CI}^{-}\)ions are neutralized by the presence of + vely charged \(\mathrm{Na}^{+}\)ions.
To maintain resting potential, sodium potassium metabolic pump operates. This pump which is located on the axon membrane pump \(\mathrm{Na}^{+}\)from axoplasm to \(\mathrm{ECF}\) and \(\mathrm{K}^{+}\)from \(\mathrm{ECF}\) to axoplasm. It pumps more positive charges \(\left(3 \mathrm{Na}^{+}\right)\)from axoplasm to ECF than in the reverse direction \(\left(2 \mathrm{~K}^{+}\right)\), and is run by an enzyme called as sodium potassium-ATPase.
When a stimulus is applied to the membrane of the nerve fibre, its permeability changes and sodium potassium pump stop operating. Sodium ions rush inside and potassium ions rush outside. This results in the positive charge inside and negative charge outside. The nerve fibre is said to be in action potential or depolarized.
During the transmission of nerve impulse through a nerve fibre, the potential on the inner side of the plasma membrane has which type of electric charge?
(d) At resting potential (polarised phase), the inside of the plasma membrane is negatively charged \((-70 \mathrm{mV})\). As the stimulus reaches, it becomes positively charged ( \(+45 \mathrm{mV}\), depolarised phase). As impulse passes away, it regains its original ionic distribution and again becomes negatively charged.
Saltatory conduction of impulse occurs in
(c) The fatty myelin sheath of myelinated nerve fibres prevents the flow of ions between external fluid and fluid present within the axon. At the node of Ranvier, the insulating myelin sheath is absent and thus, the ionic flow occurs at these points only. Therefore, the action potential jumps from node to node, due to which the transmission of impulse is more rapid in myelinated fibres. This is called the saltatory conduction of nerve impulse.
Read the given statements and select the correct ones.
(i) Autonomic neural system transmits impulses from the CNS to the voluntary organs and striated muscles of the body.
(ii) Unmyelinated nerve fibres do not have Schwann cells which form the myelin sheath.
(iii) Axonal membrane of a neuron while not conducting any impulse is comparatively more permeable to potassium ions \(\left(\mathrm{K}^{+}\right)\)than to sodium ions \(\left(\mathrm{Na}^{+}\right)\).
(iv) A synapse is formed by the membranes of a presynaptic neuron and a post-synaptic neuron.
(c) Autonomic neural system controls and coordinates such organs which are under involuntary control and unstriated muscles of the body. Unmyelinated nerve fibres have Schwann cells which do not form myelin sheath.
The junction between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of the next is called
(d) Synapse is a junction found between the branches at the end of the axon of one neuron and the dendrites or cell body of another neuron. Through this junction nerve impulse transmits from one neuron to another.
Which of the following statements is/are incorrect about the electrical synapse?
(i) At electrical synapses, the membranes of pre and post-synaptic neurons are in very close proximity.
(ii) Electrical current can flow directly from one neuron into the other across the synapses.
(iii) Transmission of an impulse across electrical synapses is very similar to impulse conduction along single axon.
(iv) Electrical synapses pass electrical signal between cells with the use of Ach.
(v) Electrical synapses are fast.
(vi) Electrical synapses are rare in our system.
(c) At the electrical synapse, the transfer of impulse occurs by purely electrical means without involving any neurotransmitter.
A list of events occurring in the transmission of nerve impulse across the synapse is given below in a random order.
(i) Opening of specific ion channels allows the entry of ions, a new action potential is generated in the post-synaptic neuron.
(ii) Neurotransmitter binds to the receptor on post synaptic membrane.
(iii) Synaptic vesicle fuses with pre-synaptic membrane, neurotransmitter release into synaptic cleft.
(iv) Depolarisation of pre-synaptic membrane.
(v) Arrival of action potential at axon terminal.
Which of the following options represents these events in the correct order?
The given diagram shows axon terminal. Select the option that correctly matches the steps in transmission of impulses (list i – vii) with the labellings (A-C) in the diagram.
(i) Chemicals called neurotransmitters are released in the synaptic cleft through ion channels.
(ii) When an impulse arrives at the axon terminal, it stimulates the movement of synaptic vesicles.
(iii) Neurotransmitters are endocytosed into the neurons.
(iv) The ion channels close with the binding of neurotransmitters to their specific receptors vesicles.
(v) Synaptic vesicles move toward the membrane where they fuse with the plasma membrane.
(vi) Neurotransmitters are released in the synaptic cleft.
(vii) The released transmitters bind to their specific receptors on the post-synaptic membrane.
\(
\begin{array}{llll}
& \text { A } & \text { B } & \text { C } \\
\text { (a) } & \text { (ii) } & \text { (iii) } & \text { (i) } \\
\text { (b) } & \text { (v) } & \text { (vi) } & \text { (iv) } \\
\text { (c) } & \text { (ii) } & \text { (vi) } & \text { (vii) } \\
\text { (d) } & \text { (v) } & \text { (iii) } & \text { (iv) }
\end{array}
\)
The given diagram shows axon terminal and synapse. Here A, B, C, D and E respectively represent
Which one of the following does not act as a neurotransmitter?
(a) The chemicals released from a pre-synaptic neuron and interacting with specific receptors on post-synaptic neuron are called neurotransmitters. Cortisone is not a neurotransmitter.
Read the given statements and select the correct option.
(i) Synaptic cleft of neurons secretes adrenaline.
(ii) Myelinated nerve fibres are enveloped with Schwann cells, which form a myelin sheath around the axon.
(iii) Non-myelinated nerve fibre is enclosed by a Schwann cell that does not form a myelin sheath.
(iv) Spinal and cranial nerves are made of non-myelinated nerve fibres.
(d) Synaptic vesicles of the synaptic knob secrete neurotransmitter (e.g., adrenaline). Spinal nerves and cranial nerves are myelinated nerves.
Unidirectional transmission of a nerve impulse through nerve fibre is due to the fact that
(d) A nerve impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another with the help of chemicals called neurotransmitters that are released by the axon endings formed by the membrane of a pre-synaptic neuron (axon ending part) and a post-synaptic neuron which may or may not be separated by synaptic cleft.
Brain depends on blood for the supply of
(c) Brain performs a number of activities like it controls the functions of our organs and also provides qualities of learning, reasoning and memory. For all the activities, the brain needs a large and constant supply of energy. The brain accounts for \(20 \%\) of body’s consumption of oxygen and \(15 \%\) of consumption of blood glucose. If brain is deprived of oxygen for just 5 minutes, it becomes permanently damaged. Mental confusion occurs if the brain is deprived of glucose.
The given figure shows lateral view of the human brain. Identify the parts labelled as A to E and select the correct option.
\(
\begin{array}{|l|l|l|l|l|l|}
\hline & {\text { A }} & \text { B } & \text { C } & \text { D } & \text { E } \\
\hline \text { (a) } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Temporal } \\
\text { lobe }
\end{array} & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Corpus } \\
\text { callosum }
\end{array} & \text { Cerebellum } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Medulla } \\
\text { oblongata }
\end{array} & \text { Frontal lobe } \\
\hline \text { (b) } & \text { Frontal lobe } & \text { Thalamus } & \text { Cerebrum } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Medulla } \\
\text { oblongata }
\end{array} & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Occipital } \\
\text { lobe }
\end{array} \\
\hline \text { (c) } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Temporal } \\
\text { lobe }
\end{array} & \text { Pons } & \text { Cerebrum } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Medulla } \\
\text { oblongata }
\end{array} & \text { Frontal lobe } \\
\hline \text { (d) } & \text { Frontal lobe } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Corpus } \\
\text { callosum }
\end{array} & \text { Cerebellum } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Medulla } \\
\text { oblongata }
\end{array} & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Parietal } \\
\text { lobe }
\end{array} \\
\hline
\end{array}
\)
The correct sequence of meninges from inner to outer side is
(c) Meninges are the three connective tissue membranes that enclose the brain and spinal cord. Piamater is the innermost membrane which is thin, delicate and vascular. The next membrane is arachnoid which is thin and webby. Duramater is the outermost membrane which is tough, dense and fibrous in nature.
What is the space between the arachnoid and piamater called?
(b) The space between arachnoid and piamater is called sub-arachnoid space. It is filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
The given figure shows a section of brain. Identify the parts labelled as A, B, C and D and match them with the names ( i – vii) given below.
(i) Arachnoid membrane
(ii) Subdural space
(iii) Duramater
(iv) Bone
(vi) Grey matter
(v) White matter
(vii) Piamater
\(
\begin{array}{lllll}
& \text { A } & \text { B } & \text { C } & \text { D } \\
\text { (a) } & \text { (iii) } & \text { (ii) } & \text { (vi) } & \text { (v) } \\
\text { (b) } & \text { (i) } & \text { (ii) } & \text { (iii) } & \text { (vi) } \\
\text { (c) } & \text { (iii) } & \text { (i) } & \text { (vii) } & \text { (vi) } \\
\text { (d) } & \text { (iv) } & \text { (vii) } & \text { (i) } & \text { (ii) }
\end{array}
\)
A Corpus callosum connects two
(a) Corpus callosum is a broad band of nervous tissue that connects two cerebral hemispheres. It consists of 300 million fibres and is present only in mammals.
The canal that passes through the midbrain is
The brain is the part of the body consisting of three parts; cerebrum, brainstream, and cerebellum. The cerebrum is the largest of all parts involving the right and left hemisphere.
In the accompanying diagram of a part of the human body, the structures belonging to the central neural system are labelled as
(c) In the given figure, structures A and D are brain and spinal cord respectively, and these structures belong to central neural system. Structures ‘ B ‘ and ‘ C ‘ are the nerves arising from brain and spinal cord respectively and thus they belong to peripheral neural system.
The primary visual area is located in
(b) Occipital lobes are the primary visual areas of the brain. These are situated in the forebrain.
Which of the following structures is found in diencephalon?
(d) Hypothalamus is present at the base of diencephalon.
The association areas are responsible for
(d) The association areas are responsible for complex functions like intersensory associations, memory and communication.
All sensory information to be registered consciously by the forebrain must pass via the
(a)Â The cerebrum wraps around a structure called thalamus, which is a major coordinating centre for sensory and motor signaling. Hence, all sensory information to be registered consciously by the forebrain must pass via the thalamus.
Human body temperature is maintained by
(a)Â Hypothalamus is a part of forebrain. It is the thermoregulatory centre of the brain. It keeps body temperature at roughly \(37^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) by means of a complex thermostat system.
Neurosecretory cells are present in
(c) Neurosecretory cells are the type of nerve cells that convert the neural signals to chemical signals. They produce neuropeptides which are released directly to the bloodstream. This neuropeptide controls the physiology.
Which part of the human brain controls the urge for eating and drinking?
(a) Hypothalamus is a part of forebrain that controls the urge for eating and drinking.
Sense of smell is perceived by
(c) There are a pair of solid club-shaped structures present on the anterior surface of cerebrum known as olfactory lobes. These lobes have an olfactory bulb and an olfactory tract for relaying sense of smell to the temporal lobes.
Anterior choroid plexus is present on the
(c) Epithalamus (roof of diencephalon) is thin and not formed of nervous tissue. Its anterior part is vascular and folded to form the anterior choroid plexus.
Which function will be lost if occipital lobe is damaged?
(c) The occipital lobe is concerned with decoding and interpretation of visual information, shape and colour. Thus, if the occipital lobe is damaged, vision will be lost.
Which of the following is a part of our brain?
(d) The dorsal portion of the midbrain consists mainly of four rounded lobes called corpora quadrigemina.
The optic lobes in humans are represented by
(d) The upper or superior surface of the midbrain has two pairs of rounded protrusions collectively called the corpora quadrigemina; one pair is called superior colliculi and the other pair is called inferior colliculi. The superior and inferior colliculi of each side are termed the corpora bigemina. The superior colliculi are concerned with the sense of sight.
‘Pons’ connects the
(b) Pons is located in front of the cerebellum below the midbrain and above the medulla oblongata. It consists of nerve fibres that connect the two hemispheres of cerebellum.
Cerebellum of brain is concerned with
The cerebellum is a vital part of the brain and is primarily responsible for motor control. This includes muscle tone, equilibrium, and balance as it relates to movement. Additionally, it seems the cerebellum may actually have additional functions, including some cognitive and emotional functionals. So, the correct answers are ‘All of these’.
Tree of life is
(b) Arbor vitae is known as tree of life. Arbor vitae is a branching tree-like arrangement of grey and white matter visible in the cross sectional area of cerebellar hemispheres.
Match column I with column II and select the correct option from the given codes.
\(
\begin{array}{|l|l|c|l|}
\hline & \text { Column I } & & \text { Column II } \\
\hline \text { A. } & \text { Cerebrum } & \text { (i) } & \text { Controls the pituitary } \\
\hline \text { B. } & \text { Cerebellum } & \text { (ii) } & \text { Controls vision and hearing } \\
\hline \text { C. } & \text { Hypothalamus } & \text { (iii) } & \text { Controls the rate of heart beat } \\
\hline \text { D. } & \text { Midbrain } & \text { (iv) } & \text { Seat of intelligence } \\
\hline & & \text { (v) } & \text { Maintains body posture } \\
\hline
\end{array}
\)
Which of the following statements is correct regarding cerebellum?
Cerebellar hemispheres are the largest regions of the cerebellum. The cerebellar hemispheres are two divisions of the cerebellum on either side of the vermis. They are functionally subdivided into lateral and medial portions. It is a part of the hindbrain. The arbor vitae is the cerebellar white matter, so called for its branched, tree-like appearance. It resembles a fern and is present in both cerebellar hemispheres. It brings sensory and motor information to and from the cerebellum.
Thus, the correct option is ‘All of these.’
The part of human hindbrain that is responsible for hand-eye coordination is
The cerebellum is the most important part of the hindbrain. It collects information from the sensory systems, the spinal cord, and other parts of the brain and then operates motor movements. The cerebellum coordinates voluntary movements which include posture, balance, coordination, and speech, resulting in smooth, balanced muscular activity. It is also important for learning motor behaviors. So the correct option is (a).
The respiratory and cardiac centres are located in
(d) Medulla oblongata is the posterior most part of the brain. It contains centres which control respiration, salivation, sneezing cardiovascular reflexes and gastric secretions.
Salivation in mammals is under the control of
(a) Medulla oblongata is the posterior most part of the brain. It contains centres which control respiration, salivation, sneezing cardiovascular reflexes and gastric secretions.
Refer to the diagram of human brain below.
Which labelled part controls the process of breathing?
Part C is medulla oblongata that controls breathing.
Refer the diagram below.
Â
Â
Which of the following functions is performed by the part labelled ‘ C ‘ in the given figure?
(b) Regulation of gastric secretion is also done by medulla oblongata.
Which of the following parts of brain constitute the brain stem?
(a) The midbrain, pons varolii and medulla oblongata (both of which are parts of the hindbrain) are collectively termed as brain stem that connects the forebrain and spinal cord.
Cell bodies of neurons bringing afferent information into the spinal cord are located in
(a) In each segment of the spinal cord, a spinal nerve arises from each side of the cord. Each spinal nerve connects with the cord through two nerve roots. The dorsal nerve root consists of a bundle of sensory axons (carrying afferent information) whose cell bodies are located in the dorsal root ganglion.
Which of the following has \(\mathrm{H}\)-shaped grey matter?
The spinal cord has a central canal, gray matter and white matter with centrally located \(\mathrm{H}\)-shaped gray matter. It contains numerous cell body and few myelinated axon. Here ventral horns of \(\mathrm{H}\) are broader than dorsal horns. In case of brain, the gray matter forms the outer layer and is mainly composed of cell bodies of neurons. The inner layer is composed of white matter. It contains axons that join to form nerves. So the correct option is d.
What is the correct path of a reflex arc?
(a)Â The correct pathway of reflex arc is: Sensory stimulus \(\rightarrow\) Dentrite of sensory neuron \(\rightarrow\) Axon of sensory neuron \(\rightarrow\) CNS \(\rightarrow\) Dendrite of motor neuron \(\rightarrow\) Axon of motor neuron \(\rightarrow\) Effector organ.
For good reflex actions we require intact
– Reflex actions are the automatic responses which has which are provided to a stimulus which does not require any conscious thought.
– These reflex actions are involuntary and spontaneous. To make a quick response the spinal cord controls the reflex actions.
– When a stimulus is provided the sensory neurons get activated and they passed the nerve impulse to the relay neurons which are present in the spinal cord.
– The nerve impulse is then further transported to the motor neurons which acts on the effector organs.
– So, the correct option is a.
The path of the reflex arc is shown in the given figure. Identify the different labellings A, B, C, D, E, and F and select the correct option.
\(
\begin{array}{|l|l|l|l|l|l|l|}
\hline {\text { A }} & \text { B } & \text { C } & \text { D } & \text { E } & \text { F } \\
\hline \text { (a) } & \text { Stimulus } & \text { Effector } & \text { sensory nerve } & \text { Motor nerve } & \text { Receptor } & \text { Response } \\
\hline \text { (b) } & \text { Stimulus } & \text { Receptor } & \text { Sensory nerve } & \text { Motor nerve } & \text { Effector } & \text { Response } \\
\hline \text { (c) } & \text { Stimulus } & \text { Effector } & \text { Motor nerve } & \text { Sensory nerve } & \text { Receptor } & \text { Response } \\
\hline \text { (d) } & \text { Stimulus } & \text { Receptor } & \text { Motor nerve } & \text { Sensory nerve } & \text { Effector } & \text { Response } \\
\hline
\end{array}
\)
Which of the following is an example of a conditioned reflex?
(d) Trained dog salivates when you ring a bell is an example of conditioned reflex. Conditioned reflexes are acquired reflexes, dependent on past experience, training and learning.
Which of the following is not a reflex action?
(b)Â An automatic (involuntary) neuromuscular action elicited by a defined stimulus is called reflex action. Sweating is not a reflex action. It is primarily a means of temperature regulation.
The given diagrammatic representation of reflex action shows knee jerk reflex.
Identify the parts labelled as A to E and select the correct option.
\(
\begin{array}{|l|l|l|l|l|l|}
\hline & {\text { A }} & \text { B } & \text { C } & \text { D } & \text { E } \\
\hline \text { (a) } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Dorsal root } \\
\text { ganglion }
\end{array} & \begin{array}{l}
\text { White } \\
\text { matter }
\end{array} & \text { Grey matter } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Afferent } \\
\text { pathway }
\end{array} & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Efferent } \\
\text { pathway }
\end{array} \\
\hline \text { (b) } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Dorsal root } \\
\text { ganglion }
\end{array} & \begin{array}{l}
\text { White } \\
\text { matter }
\end{array} & \text { Grey matter } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Efferent } \\
\text { pathway }
\end{array} & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Afferent } \\
\text { pathway }
\end{array} \\
\hline \text { (c) } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Ventral root } \\
\text { ganglion }
\end{array} & \text { Grey matter } & \text { White matter} & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Efferent } \\
\text { pathway }
\end{array} & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Afferent } \\
\text { pathway }
\end{array} \\
\hline \text { (d) } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Ventral root } \\
\text { ganglion }
\end{array} & \begin{array}{l}
\text { White } \\
\text { matter }
\end{array} & \text { Grey matter } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Efferent } \\
\text { pathway }
\end{array} & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Afferent } \\
\text { pathway }
\end{array} \\
\hline
\end{array}
\)
Olfactory receptors are present in
The olfactory receptors which detect smell are located in the nose.
Taste buds contain
Refer to the given diagram. Match the labelled parts (A-J) with their functions and select the correct option.
(i) Carries nerve signals to the brain
(ii) Regulates the size of the pupil to let more or less light into the eye
(iii) Changes the shape of the lens
(iv) Photoreceptors are concentrated at this point
(d) ‘ \(G\) ‘ is optic nerve, ‘ \(D\) ‘ is iris, ‘ \(C\) ‘ is ciliary body, ‘ \(E\) ‘ is fovea centralis.
Match column I with column II and select the correct option from the given codes.
\(
\begin{array}{|l|l|c|l|}
\hline & \text { Column I } & & \text { Column II } \\
\hline \text { A. } & \text { Cornea } & \text { (i) } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Provides opening for light to } \\
\text { enter }
\end{array} \\
\hline \text { B. } & \text { Iris } & \text { (ii) } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Transduces blue, green and } \\
\text { red light }
\end{array} \\
\hline \text { C. } & \text { Lens } & \text { (iii) } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Controls the amount of light } \\
\text { that enters }
\end{array} \\
\hline \text { D. } & \text { Optic nerves } & \text { (iv) } & \text { Alters the shape of lens } \\
\hline \text { E. } & \text { Pupil } & \text { (v) } & \text { Transmit information to the CNS } \\
\hline \text { F. } & \text { Ciliary muscles } & \text { (vi) } & \text { Focus light directly on retina } \\
\hline \text { G. } & \text { Fovea } & \text { (vii) } & \text { Bends light and protects inner eye } \\
\hline
\end{array}
\)
Cornea transplant in humans is almost never rejected. This is because
(d) Cornea is a transparent layer that forms the anterior one-sixth of the eye ball. It helps to focus light waves as they enter the eye. Cornea has no blood supply, therefore, it can be transplanted successfully.
Cornea is covered externally by a thin transparent membrane which is called
(b) Cornea is covered externally by a thin transparent membrane called conjunctiva. This membrane helps to protect the eye ball and keeps it moist.
The innermost layer of the human eye is
(d) The innermost layer of the human eye is the retina which is a light-sensitive layer. It consists of rods and cones.
The black pigment in the eye, which reduces the internal reflection, is located in
(a) The black pigment, melanin in the eye, which reduces internal reflection is located in the pigment layer of retina.
The shape of eye lens is changed by
(d)Â Ciliary muscles are circular sheet of smooth muscle fibres present within the ciliary body. These muscles alter the shape of the lens during contraction.
The size of pupil is controlled by the
(d) The size of pupil is controlled by two types of muscles of iris, circular muscles and radial muscles. Radial muscles contract in dim light and circular muscles contract in bright light.
Why is it difficult to differentiate between red and green colour objects in dark or in night?
(b) Cones operate only in bright light, hence the different types of cones (i.e., blue, red or green-sensitive) are active during the daytime or in the presence of light. It is because of this reason, that the person is unable to differentiate between green and red colour in night time.
Which of the following cells are associated with identification of colours in bright light?
(a) Cones operate only in bright light, hence the different types of cones (i.e., blue, red or green-sensitive) are active during the daytime or in the presence of light. It is because of this reason, that the person is unable to differentiate between green and red colour in night time.
In the chemistry of vision in mammals, the photosensitive substance is called
(a) Rhodopsin is a pigment present in the rod cells of the retina. It consists of two components-opsin and retinal (= retinene). Retinal is an aldehyde of vitamin A which absorbs light falling on the rod and changes its form and separates from the opsin component. This initiates the transmission of a nerve impulse to the brain. Rhodopsin is a photosensitive substance and allows vision in dim light (night vision).
Which one of the following is the correct difference between rod cells and cone cells of our retina?
\(
\begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|}
\hline & \text { Type } & \text { Rod Cells } & \text { Cone Cells } \\
\hline a . & \text { Distribution } & \begin{array}{c}
\text { More concentrated in centre } \\
\text { of retina }
\end{array} & \text { Evenly distributed all over retina } \\
\hline b . & \text { Visual acuity } & \text { High } & \text { Low } \\
\hline c . & \text { Visual pigment contained } & \text { lodopsin } & \text { Rhodopsin } \\
\hline d . & \text { Overall function } & \text { Vision in poor light } & \begin{array}{c}
\text { Colour vision and detailed } \\
\text { vision in bright light }
\end{array} \\
\hline
\end{array}
\)
The receptor cells of the eye are called photoreceptors. They are of two types: rod cells and cone cells.
Rod cells: They contain a purplish pigment called visual purple or rhodopsin. They function in dim light and at night. They produce poorly defined images. Cone cells: They contain a pigment called visual violet or iodopsin. They function in daylight, produce detailed images and give colour vision. Cones are much more concentrated in the yellow spot region present in the centre of the retina.
Thus, the correct answer is option a.
The point in eye of mammals from which optic nerves and blood vessels leave the eye ball is called
(b) Blind spot lies close to the yellow spot of the eye and lacks receptor cells (rods and cones) because the optic nerves leave the eye ball from here.
Blind spot in vertebrate eye is the place where
(c) Blind spot lies close to the yellow spot of the eye and lacks receptor cells (rods and cones) because the optic nerves leave the eyeball from here.
The depression in the retina of eye which lodges only the cones is called
Fovea Centralis is responsible for sharp central vision which is important in humans for reading, writing and other activities. It is a central pit composed of closely pack cones in the macula leutea of the eye. So, option b is the correct option.
Retina is most sensitive at
(b) As fovea centralis contains a large number of cones only, therefore, it is a point of great visual acuity in retina.
The fluid-filled in the space between lens and cornea is termed as
(b) Aqueous humour is a watery, alkaline liquid filling the anterior compartment of the eye. It is present between the cornea and the lens. It maintains the shape of the cornea and supplies nutrition to both lens and cornea.
A list of steps involved in the mechanism of vision is given below in a random order.
(i) Neural impulses are analysed and the image formed on the retina is recognised by the visual cortex.
(ii) Membrane permeability changes.
(iii) Ganglion cells are excited.
(iv) Bipolar cells are depolarised.
(v) Action potentials (impulse) are transmitted by optic nerves to visual cortex.
(vi) Potential differences are generated in the photoreceptor cells.
(vii) Light energy causes a change in the shape of rhodopsin, leading to the dissociation of retinal (an aldehyde of vitamin A) from opsin (a protein).
(viii) The structure of opsin is changed.
Which of the following options represents these events in the correct order?
Path taken in the eye ball by light rays is
The light stricking the retina generates nerve impulse. Which of the following options correctly describes the path of light?
A diagram of ear is given here. Identify the parts \(\mathrm{A}\) to \(\mathrm{H}\) and select the correct option.
Which of the following statements is incorrect?
Eustachian tube is a passage connecting the
(c) Tympanic cavity (part of the middle ear) is an air-filled cavity that is connected with the nasopharynx through Eustachian tube. It serves to equalise the air pressure in the tympanic cavity with that on the outside.
Select the option that correctly matches the structures with its location and function.
\(
\begin{array}{|l|l|l|l|}
\hline & \text { Structure } & \text { Location } & \text { Function } \\
\hline \text { (a) } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Eustachian } \\
\text { tube }
\end{array} & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Anterior part of } \\
\text { internal ear }
\end{array} & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Equalises air pressure on } \\
\text { either sides of tympanic } \\
\text { membrane }
\end{array} \\
\hline \text { (b) } & \text { Cerebellum } & \text { Midbrain } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Controls respiration and } \\
\text { gastric secretions }
\end{array} \\
\hline \text { (c) } & \text { Hypothalamus } & \text { Forebrain } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Controls body } \\
\text { temperature, urge for } \\
\text { eating and drinking }
\end{array} \\
\hline \text { (d) } & \text { Blind spot } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Near the place } \\
\text { where optic nerve } \\
\text { leaves the eye }
\end{array} & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Rods and cones are } \\
\text { present but inactive here }
\end{array} \\
\hline
\end{array}
\)
A. Structure- Eustachian tube, Location- Middle ear, Function- Equalise the pressure of air on the two sides of the tympanic membrane.
B. Structure- Cerebellum, Location- Hindbrain, Function- It maintains posture, equilibrium and muscle tone.
C. Structure- Hypothalamus, Location- Forebrain, Function- It contains centres for maintaining homeostasis by regulating body temperature, heartbeat, water balance and blood pressure.
D. Structure- Blind spot, Location- Optic nerve start from this spot, FunctionIt lacks visual receptors and is insensitive to light.
So, the correct answer is ‘Structure- Hypothalamus, Location- Forebrain, Function- Controls body temperature, urge for eating and drinking’.
The part of the ear where sound is transduced is
(d) Cochlea is the main hearing organ. The transformation of the vibration into nerve impulses for relay to the brain takes place here.
Bony labyrinth is filled with a fluid called
(b) Internal ear (membranous labyrinth) is surrounded by an almost similar shaped bony labyrinth. The membranous labyrinth is joined to the bony labyrinth at certain points, but its greater part is separated from the bony labyrinth by a narrow perilymphatic space. This space is filled with a watery fluid called perilymph that closely resembles cerebrospinal fluid.
A diagrammatic cross-section of a single loop of human cochlea is shown in the given figure.
Which one of the following options correctly represents the names of any three of the labelled parts?
A small passage that permits continuity between scala vestibuli and scala tympani is
(a) Both the scala vestibuli and scala tympani are connected with each other at the apex of the cochlea by a small canal called helicotrema.
Internal ear is filled with
(d) Internal ear consists of two divisions :
(i) bony labyrinth, filled with fluid called perilymph
(ii) membranous labyrinth, filled with fluid called endolymph.
Match column I with column II and select the correct option from the given codes.
\(
\begin{array}{|l|l|l|l|}
\hline & \text { Column I } & & \text { Column II } \\
\hline \text { A. } & \text { Pinna } & \text { (i) } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Collects vibrations in the } \\
\text { air which produces sound }
\end{array} \\
\hline \text { B. } & \text { Ear canal } & \text { (ii) } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Passage for sound wave } \\
\text { from pinna to ear drum }
\end{array} \\
\hline \text { C. } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Tympanic } \\
\text { membrane }
\end{array} & \text { (iii) } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Transfers sound wave to } \\
\text { ear ossicles }
\end{array} \\
\hline \text { D. } & \text { Ear ossicles } & \text { (iv) } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Increases the efficiency } \\
\text { of transmission of sound } \\
\text { waves to the inner ear }
\end{array} \\
\hline \text { E. } & \text { Cochlea } & \text { (v) } & \text { Has hearing receptors } \\
\hline \text { F. } & \text { Eustachian tube } & \text { (vi) } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Equalises the pressure on } \\
\text { both sides of ear drum }
\end{array} \\
\hline
\end{array}
\)
The thin elastic membrane covering the sensory hair cells of the ear is known as
(b) Tectorial membrane is a gelatinous membrane covering the sensory hair cells in the scala media of cochlea.
Which of the following is a correct match of ear part and its function?
(c) Organ of Corti – Contains hair cells that act as auditory receptors
Eustachian tube – Equalises the air pressure in the tympanic cavity with that on the outside
Semicircular canal – Maintains body balance and posture
Macula maintains
(a) Maculae detect changes in the body with respect to gravity (static equilibrium) and in the movement in one direction (linear acceleration).
The structures in a human body that assist in body balance are located in the
(c) Cristae and maculae, the structures concerned with balance are located in the inner ear.
The balancing organ of ear is
(b) Semicircular canal, sacculus and utriculus are receptors of equilibrium or balancing organs of ear.
Following is a list of the events (in a random order) that lead to the formation of an auditory impulse.
(i) Vibration is transferred from the malleus to the incus to the stapes.
(ii) Basilar membrane moves up and down.
(iii) Nerve impulse is transmitted in cochlear nerve to auditory cortex of brain for impulse analysis and recognitions.
(iv) Sound waves pass through ear canal.
(v) Stereocilia of hair cells of organ of Corti rub against tectorial membrane.
(vi) Sound waves cause ear drum to vibrate.
(vii) Nerve impulse is generated.
(viii) Vibrations move from fluid of vestibular canal to the fluid of tympanic canal.
(ix) Membrane at oval window vibrates.
Which of the following options represents these events in a correct order?
Identify the parts labelled as A, B, C and D in the given figure and match the correct names from the list (i-viii) given.
(i) Reissner’s membrane
(ii) Basilar membrane
(iii) Tectorial membrane
(iv) Organ of Corti
(v) Hair cells
(vi) Otolith organ
(vii) Scala media
(viii) Scala vestibuli
High frequency sound waves vibrate the basilar membrane
(a) High-frequency sound waves vibrate the basilar membrane near the oval window.
The sensory receptors that respond to sound, develop receptor potentials when their
(a)Â The organ of Corti is a structure located on the basilar membrane which contains hair cells that act as auditory receptors. Movements of the basilar membrane bend the hair cells, pressing them against the tectorial membrane. As a result, nerve impulses are generated in the associated afferent neurons. These impulses are transmitted by the afferent fibres via auditory nerves to the auditory cortex of the brain, where the impulses are analysed and the sound is recognised.
If a patient suffers a stroke that destroys the optic tract on the right side of the brain, which of the following visual defects will result?
(c) When the right optic tract is destroyed, perception of images formed on the right half of the retina is lost, so nothing is visible at the left side of a person’s field of view.
Which of the following correctly describes a step in auditory signal transduction?
(a) Pressure waves travelling down the cochlea make the cochlear duct vibrate, moving the basilar membrane against the stationary tectorial membrane and bending the hair cells that bridge the gap between the two.
Among the following characteristics, indicate the corre combinations applicable to conditional reflex.
P. Acquired by practice or learning.
Q. Not acquired by birth.
R. Does not abolish by lack of practice.
S. Participation of cerebral cortex.
T. Originates spontaneously.
(b) Conditional reflexes are acquired during the lifetime of an individual. They are absolutely an individual entity and are, therefore, not constant. Cortical and subcortical centres are responsible for them.
Following is the figure of a sagittal section of a human brain. Match the labelled parts with the respective statements given and select the correct option.
(i) Consists of fibre tracts that interconnect left and right hemispheres
(ii) Secretes a hormone melatonin
(iii) Alcohol interferes with the function of this part
(iv) Contains centres which control respiration, cardiovascular reflexes and gastric secretions
(d) A-Corpus callosum, B-Medulla oblongata, C-Pineal body, D – Cerebellum
Select the answer with the correct matching of cranial nerve, its nature, origin and functions.
\(
\begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Cranial } \\
\text { nerve }
\end{array} & \text { Nature } & \text { Origin } & \text { Functions } \\
\hline \text { (a) } & \text { Trigeminal } & \text { Motor } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Floor } \\
\text { of mid. } \\
\text { brain }
\end{array} & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Skin sensation, } \\
\text { tongue movement }
\end{array} \\
\hline \text { (b) } & \text { Oculomotor } & \text { Motor } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Floor } \\
\text { of mid- } \\
\text { brain }
\end{array} & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Movement } \\
\text { of eyeball } \\
\text { and power of } \\
\text { accommodation }
\end{array} \\
\hline \text { (c) } & \text { Abducens } & \text { Sensory } & \text { Pons } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Movement } \\
\text { of eyeball } \\
\text { and power of } \\
\text { accommodation }
\end{array} \\
\hline \text { (d) } & \text { Hypoglossal } & \text { Motor } & \text { Pons } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Swallowing and } \\
\text { salivation }
\end{array} \\
\hline
\end{array}
\)
Refer to the given figure and select the correct option regarding it.
(c) The given figure is of a neuron. Neurons are unipolar in embryonic stage. Axons and dendrons are parts of a single neuron. A neuron possesses only one nucleus in the centre of the cyton,
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