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Select the right match of endocrine gland and their hormone among the options given below
A. Pineal            i. Epinephrine
B. Thyroid          ii. Melatonin
C. Ovary            iii. Estrogen
D. Adrenal medulla  iv. Tetraiodothyronine
Options:
(d) Pineal gland secretes a hormone called melatonin. It is involved in regulating biological rhythm and sleep-wake cycle.
Thyroid gland secretes a hormone called tetraiodothyronine. It primarily regulates metabolism of body.
Ovary secretes estrogen which is involved in growth and stimulation of female secondary sex organs and also in the development of growing ovarian follicles.
Adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to stress or in any kind of emergency situation.
Which of the following hormones is not sereted by anterior pit.
(c) Oxytocin is the hormone of anterior pituitary origin. It acts on the smooth muscles of uterus and stimulates their contraction also plays role in milk secretion.
Follicle stimulating hormone stimulates growth of ovarian follicles whereas, in the female and spermatogenesis in the male.
Growth Hormone Stimulates body growth by promoting the synthesis and deposition of proteins in tissues and also in the growth of bones and muscles.
Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone stimulates adrenal cortex of adrenal gland to produce glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid.
Mary is about to face an interview. But during the first five minutes before the interview she experiences sweating, increased rate of heartbeat, respiration, etc. Which of the following hormones are responsible
for her restlessness?
(c) Mary, during her first five minutes before the interview experiences sweating, increased heart rate, and respiration because she is having stress which leads to the release of emergency hormones or hormones of flight and fight, i.e., adrenaline and noradrenaline. These hormones stimulate the breakdown of glycogen resulting in increase concentration of glucose in the blood.
Estrogen and progesterone Estrogen regulates the growth and development of female sex organs, female secondary structure, mammary gland development, and progertrone supports pregnancy.
Oxytocin and vasopressin Oxytocin is involved in the contraction of smooth muscles of uterus at the time of childbirth in females and acts mainly on the mammary gland for milk ejection. Vasopressin stimulates the absorption of water and electrolytes by distal tubules in the kidney and also reduces the loss of water.
Insulin and glucagon are the peptide hormones. Insulin decrease blood glucose level and glucagon is involved in increasing normal glucose levels in the blood.
The steroid responsible for balance of water and electrolytes in our body is
(d) Aldosterone acts at the renal tubules stimulating the reabsorption of \(\mathrm{Na}^{+}\), water and excretion of \(\mathrm{K}^{+}\) and phosphate ion. Thus, it helps in the maintenance of electrolytes, body fluid volume, osmotic pressure, and blood pressure.
Insulin is a peptide hormone, that plays an important role in maintaining normal blood glucose levels.
Testosterone is the male sex hormone, stimulating male features like muscular growth, growth of facial and axial hair, aggressiveness, low pitch of voice, etc, and spermatogenesis.
Melatonin hormone has a very important role in regulating 24 hours (diurnal) rhythm of our body.
Thymosin is responsible for
(c) Thymosins play a major role in the differentiation of T-lymphocytes, which provide cell-mediated immunity. It also promotes antibody production to provide humoral immunity. It hastens the attainment of sexual maturity.
In the mechanism of action of a protein hormone, one of the second messengers is
(a) Cyclic AMP is one of the second messengers involved in the action of a protein hormone. The other three options are incorrect as Insulin regulates glucose homeostasis.
Leydig cells produce a group of hormones called
(a) The Leydig cells or interstitial cells, which are present in the interstitial spaces of testis produce a group of hormones called androgens mainly testosterone.
Corpus luteum secretes a hormone called
(b) Corpus luteum secretes a hormone called progesterone which supports pregnancy and stimulates the development of the mammary gland for milk production in females.
Cortisol is secreted by
(c) Cortisol is secreted from the adrenal gland. The zona fasciculata region of adrenal cortex secretes cortisol, corticosterone and cortisone. These hormones are involved in maintaining glucose homeostasis.
A hormone responsible for normal sleep-wake cycle is
(c) Melatonin hormone plays a very important role in maintaining the normal rhythms of sleep-wake cycle.
Gastrin is secreted by the endocrine cells present in the gastrointestinal tract and stimulates the secretion of hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen.
Epinephrine is secreted from the adrenal gland and acts as a stress relieving hormone at the time of stress conditions in the body.
Insulin secreted from the pancreas is involved in maintaining glucose homeostasis.
Hormones are called chemical signals that stimulate specific target tissues. Their action depends on the presenc3e of receptors on the respective target tissues. Which of the following is the correct location of
the receptors in the case of protein hormones?
(c) Hormone recepter are located in the target tissue only and are present on the plasma membrane/cell membrane of the target cell.
Choose the correct option among the following options
\(
\begin{array}{|c|c|}
\hline \text { Column A } & \text { Column B } \\
\hline \text { A. Epinephrine } & \text { (i) Stimulates in muscle growth } \\
\hline \text { B. Testosterone } & \text { (ii) Decrease in blood pressure } \\
\hline \text { C. Glucagon } & \text { (iii) Breakdown of liver glycogen } \\
\hline \text { D. Atrial natriuretic factor } & \text { (iv) Increases heart beat } \\
\hline
\end{array}
\)
Options:
(b) Epinephrine increases heartbeat and is also called a stress hormone. Testosterone stimulates muscle growth, as a secondary sex character in males. Glucagon leads to the breakdown of the glycogen content in the liver. It is secreted from the pancreas.
Atrial Natriuritic Factor decrease blood pressure by vasodilation.
Which of the following organs in mammals does not consist of a central incalcium balance in the human body?
(d) Thymosin hormone has no role in the regulation of blood calcium homeostasis. It plays a major role in the differentiation of T-lymphocytes, which provides cell-mediated immunity, While, vitamin-D, thyrocalcitonin, and parathyroid hormone plays a vital role in maintaining calcium homeostasis by regulating blood calcium levels.
Which of the following organs in mammals does not consist of a central meduallary region surrounded by a cortical region?
(c) Liver, the largest gland of the body surrounded by the abdominal cavity, is the only organs from the above-mentioned options that does not consist of a central ‘medullary’ region, surrounded by a cortical region.
Rest three options, i.e., ovary, adrenal, and kidney bear a prominent ‘medullary and cortical region’.
Which of the following conditions is not linked to deficiency of thyroid hormones?
(d) Exophthalmia, is a condition, that is not linked to deficiency of thyroid hormone. but to over secretion of thyroid hormone, but to oversecretion of thyroid hormone. In this condition, there is a bulging of the eye anteriorly out of the orbit.
This is due to an increase in the amount of white blood cells (lymphocytes) in the eye and swelling due to excess accumulation of thyroid hormone, result the eyeballs being forced forward out of the eye sockets (orbits) whereas, cretinism, goitre, and myxoedema are the diseases linked to thyroid deficiency.
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