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The ultimate electron acceptor of respiration in an aerobic organisms is:
(b) The electron transport chain catalyses an electron flow from \(N A D H\left(F A D H_{2}\right)\) to oxygen, which is the final electron acceptor of the respiratory process. It produces water in the mitochondrial matrix.
\(\mathrm{NADH} + \mathrm{H}^{+} \rightleftharpoons \mathrm{NAD}^{+} + 2 \mathrm{H}^{+}+2 e^{-}\)
\(\mathrm{FADH}_{2} \rightleftharpoons F \mathrm{AD}+2 \mathrm{H}^{+}+2 e^{-}\)
\(\frac{1}{2} \mathrm{O}_{2}+2 \mathrm{H}^{+}+2 e^{-} \rightarrow \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\)
Phosphorylation of glucose during glycolysis is catalysed by
(c) During glycolysis, glucose is phosphorylated to glucose-6-phosphate by \(A T P\) in the presence of enzyme hexokinase or glucokinase and \(M g^{2+}\) as follows :
\(
\text { Glucose }+\mathrm{ATP} \underset{\mathrm{Mg}^{2+}}{\stackrel{\text { Hexokinase }}{\longrightarrow}} \text { Glucose-6-phosphate }+A D P
\)
Pyruvic acid, the key product of glycolysis can have many metabolic fates. Under aerobic condition, it forms
(c) Pyruvate, the product obtained through glycolysis, gets oxidised with the loss of its carboxy group as \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\), to give acetyl \(\mathrm{CoA}\), under aerobic condition. This acetyl CoA is further oxidised completely to \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\) in citric acid cycle. Other options are incorrect as Lactic acid is formed in muscles under anaerobic conditions.
Ethanol and \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) are products of anaerobic respiration in yeast cells. \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) and \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\) are final and complete reaction products released at the end of cellular respiration.
Electron Transport System (ETS) is located in mitochondrial
(c) Electron transport system is present in the inner mitochondrial membrane, which has groups of several proton \(\left(\mathrm{H}^{+}\right)\)and electron \(\left(e^{-}\right)\) acceptors.
Which of the following exhibits the highest rate of respiration?
(b) Germinating seeds have the highest rate of respiration. As soon as the water is imbibed by seeds, hydrolytic enzymes come into action and mobilise the reserve food materials so the seeds show high metabolic activity and germinate into a tiny plant.
All these activities require energy, which is derived from an increased rate of respiration.
Mitochondria are called powerhouses of the cell. Which of the following observations support this statement?
(a) Mitochondria are the sites of aerobic respiration. They produce cellular energy in the form of \(A T P\), hence they are called powerhouses of the cell.
The end product of oxidative phosphorylation is
(d) Oxidative phosphorylation is the transfer of electrons to oxygen to form \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\) in the mitochondrial electron transport chain that is coupled to ATP synthesis from ADP and inorganic phosphate by the ATP synthase.
Match the following and choose the correct option from those given below.
\(
\begin{array}{|l|l|}
\hline \text { Column I } & \text { Column II } \\
\hline \text { A. Molecular oxygen } & \text { i. } \alpha \text { – Ketoglutaric acid } \\
\hline \text { B. Electron acceptor } & \text { ii. hydrogen acceptor } \\
\hline \text { C. Pyruvate dehydrogenase } & \text { iii. cytochrome C } \\
\hline \text { D. Decarboxylation } & \text { iv. acetyl Co A } \\
\hline
\end{array}
\)
Options
(a) The correct matching
Molecular oxygen – Hydrogen acceptor
Electron acceptor – Cytochrome-C
Pyruvate dehydrogenase – Acetyl Co-A
Decarboxylation – \(\alpha\)-ketoglutaric acid.