Directions : In the following questions, a statement of assertion is followed by a statement of reason. Mark the correct choice as :
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If assertion is false but reason is true.
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Assertion : Green revolution was comparatively less effective in developing world where farmers were dependent on conventional breeding.
Reason: In developing world, inability to buy expensive agro-chemicals forced farmers to rely on conventional breeding.
(a) : Green revolution was the phase of enormous increase in the agricultural production when high yielding improved varieties of crop plants were used. But the increased yield was partly due to use of improved crop varieties but mainly due to use of better management practices and agrochemicals (chemicals and fertilisers). These practices and agrochemicals were generally very expensive in developing world which the farmers could not afford. Hence, the farmers of developing world relied mainly on cheaper methods of conventional breeding thus green revolution could not become as productive or effective as it was in developed world.
Assertion: Transgenic plants having virus coat protein gene, express resistance to that virus and other related varieties.
Reason: Coat protein gene interferes with uncoating of viruses inside the plant cells.
(a) : Transgenic plants having virus coat protein gene linked to a strong promoter have been produced in many crop plants e.g., tobacco, tomato, alfalfa, sugar beet, potato, etc. The first transgenic plant of this type was tobacco produced in 1986, which contained coat protein gene of Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) strain \(\mathrm{U}_1\). Most likely the resistance generated by \(C P\) (coat protein gene) is due to the blocking of the process of uncoating of virus particles, which is necessary for viral genome replication as well as expression. However, other effects seem to be involved in producing coat protein mediated virus resistance.
Assertion : ‘Cry’ proteins are named so because they are crystal proteins.
Reason : ‘Cry’ proteins are solubilised in acidic environment of insect midgut and then release toxic core fragments after proteolytic action.
(c) : The cry gene of Bacillus thuringiensis produces a protein, which forms crystalline inclusions (i.e., is crystal in nature) in the bacterial spores. These proteins are named ‘cry’ proteins due to their crystal nature and are responsible for the insecticidal activities of the bacterial strains. ‘Cry’ proteins are solubilised in alkaline environment of insect midgut. Then these proteins undergo proteolytic digestion to release core toxic fragments.
Assertion : The RNAi can be introduced in an organism by insertion of gene encoding ssRNA only.
Reason : RNAi takes place in all eukaryotic organisms as a method of cellular defense.
(d) : RNAi (RNA interference) takes place in all eukaryotic organisms as a method of cellular defense. This method involves silencing of a specific mRNA due to a complementary dsRNA molecule that binds to and prevents translation of the mRNA.
Assertion : Plantibodies are animal antibodies produced in plants.
Reason : Plantibodies are just a theoretical concept.
(c) : The term ‘plantibody’ is derived from fusion of plant and antibody. Plantibodies are produced by transgenic plants that express the animal antibody genes transferred into them. So, far only \(\operatorname{sig} A\) (secretary \(\lg A\) ) has been produced in the plant systems. Plantibodies have two applications (i) treatment of human and animal diseases and (ii) protection of plants from nematodes and viruses.
Assertion :-Human insulin can be produced into bacterial cells using biotechnology.
Reason : To produce human insulin the \(A, B\) and C polypeptides of the human insulin are produced separately in the bacterial cells, extracted and combined by creating disulphide bonds.
(c) : Transgenic bacteria have been produced that translate the constituting polypeptide chains of human insulin. These polypeptides can be extracted from the bacterial cells and combined by creating disulphide bonds to produce human insulin. In humans, insulin is produced as a prohormone with three polypeptides \(A\), \(B\) and \(C\). After processing, the \(C\) peptide is removed and mature insulin is formed. When transgenic bacteria are used, instead of producing extra stretch of \(C\) peptide, only \(A\) and \(B\) polypeptides are produced and then linked to produce mature insulin directly.
Assertion : The first clinical gene for ADA therapy was given to cure SCID.
Reason : The normal gene was delivered into the patient’s cells using retroviral vector.
(b)
Assertion : Complementary pairing between nucleotides is used to diagnose presence of a specific DNA segment in a mixture.
Reason : DNA probes having radioactive isotopes help to detect DNA by autoradiography.
(b)
Assertion : ELISA test is based on antigen-antibody interactions where a pathogen can be detected by the presence of antibodies (proteins, glycoproteins, etc.) on it.
Reason : The pathogen antigen to be identified is immobilised on the surface of specially constructed ELISA plates and is then tested.
(d) : ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immuno-Sorbant Assay) is a technique based on the principle of antigen-antibody interactions. Pathogens have specific antigens on their surface like protein, glycoproteins, etc. Thus, their infection can be detected by using the antibodies specific to those antigens. In process, antigens are immobilised on ELISA plates. Then antibody specific to the antigen is added and allowed to react with the adsorbed antigen.
Assertion : Colon bacilli can be used to produce glycoproteins that can be used for hepatitis B treatment.
Reason : Hepatitis B is a viral disease and its spread in the body can be checked using interferons.
(b)
Assertion : GM salmon was the first transgenic animal for performing vaccine safety tests.
Reason : For the production of GM salmon, genetically modified sperms were fused with normal ova of the same species.
(d) : Genetically modified (GM) organisms are those organisms that have their genetic material modified to meet some desired conditions. They generally carry a foreign gene in their DNA. GM salmon was the first transgenic animal for food production. It was produced by fusion of normal ova (eggs) with genetically modified sperms. The zygotes with modified gene developed into embryos which gave rise to much bigger adults than either parent, thus have greater food value. It is achieved by addition of a gene that codes for the growth hormone that allows the fish to grow larger more rapidly than the non-transgenic salmon.
Assertion : Biotechnology produces transgenic microorganisms that function as microfactories for proteins.
Reason : Transgenic microorganisms can be developed to produce proteins of human use like insulin.
(b)
Assertion : Organisations like GEAC are necessary to monitor GM researches and to test the safety of introducing GM organisms for public services.
Reason : GM researches can have unpredictable results which even can be disastrous when genetically modified organisms are introduced into the ecosystem.
(a)
Assertion: USA’s patent of brazzein is an example of biopiracy.
Reason : Brazzein a protein obtained from West African plant, Pentadiplandra brazzeana and the gene encoding it has been patented by USA.
(a) : Brazzein is produced by Pentadiplandra brazzeana and is approximately 2,000 times as sweet as sugar. It is used as a low calorie sweetener. Local people have been using the super sweet berries from their plants for centuries but protein brazzein and the gene coding it is patented in U.S.A. It is proposed to transfer the brazzein gene into maize and express it in maize kernels from where it can be easily extracted. This is an example of biopiracy.
Assertion : Bacillus anthracis exemplifies how biotechnology can be used for destructive processes.
Reason: The spores of anthrax bacterium were spread via letters in the form of powder.
(b)
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