Directions: In the following questions, a statement of assertion is followed by a statement of reason. Mark the correct choice as:
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If the assertion is true but the reason is false.
(d) If the assertion is false but the reason is true.
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Assertion: Living organisms show internal as well as external growth.
Reason: Non-living things undergo the process known as accretion.
(d) Living organisms show internal growth due to the formation of cells inside the body. Such a method is called intussusception. Non-living things grow due to the addition of similar materials to their outer surface. The process is called accretion.
Assertion: Organisms reproduce for perpetuation of their population.
Reason: Reproduction is an all inclusive characteristic of living organisms.
(c) Reproduction is the formation of new individuals of a similar kind. Reproduction is not essential for the survival of individuals. It is required for the perpetuation of a population. Many organisms do not reproduce, e.g., mules, sterile worker bees, and infertile human couples. Therefore, reproduction is not an all-inclusive characteristic of the living organism.
Assertion: Metabolism refers to the sum of chemical reactions that occur within living organisms.
Reason: Metabolic reactions occur simultaneously inside living organisms.
(b) All living organisms are made of chemicals. These chemicals, small and big, belonging to various classes, sizes, functions, etc., are constantly being made and changed into some other biomolecules. These conversions are chemical reactions or metabolic reactions. There are thousands of metabolic reactions occurring simultaneously inside all living organisms, be they unicellular or multicellular.
Assertion: Consciousness is a defining property of living organisms.
Reason: Human being is the only organism that has self-consciousness.
(b) All living organisms have an inherent ability to sense their surroundings or environment and respond to their environmental stimuli. Plants and animals both respond to external stimuli. Human beings are the only organisms who are aware of themselves, i.e., have self-consciousness.
Assertion: System of providing name with two components is called binomial nomenclature.
Reason: Each name consists first of a specific name and second of a generic name.
(c) Binomial nomenclature is the system of providing organisms with appropriate and distinct names consisting of two words, first generic and second specific.
Assertion: New names in binomial nomenclature are derived from Latin or are latinised.
Reason: Latin is a technical language.
(c) Binomial nomenclature is the system of providing organisms with appropriate and distinct names consisting of two words, first generic and second specific. The original names were taken from Latin and Greek languages. New names are now derived either from Latin language or are latinised. This is because Latin language is dead and therefore, it will not change in form or spelling with the passage of time.
So, the correct answer is ‘Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect’.
Assertion: In binomial nomenclature, both words are separately underlined.
Reason: Underlining indicates their Latin origin.
(a) Both the words in binomial nomenclature, when handwritten, are separately underlined or printed in italics to indicate their Latin origin.
Assertion: Classification is necessary to study all living organisms.
Reason: In classification, individuals are grouped into categories.
(a) It is nearly impossible to study all the living organisms. Classification refers to the process by which individuals are grouped into categories. So, classification makes it possible to study all living organisms by studying the category-wise characteristics.
Assertion: Systematics is defined as the science of diversity of organisms in evolutionary context.
Reason: Systematics include interrelationship between organisms.
(b) Simpson (1961) has defined systematics as the branch of biology that deals with the diversity of organisms at every level of classification. It deals with cataloguing plants, animals, and other organisms into categories that can be named, remembered, compared and studied. Study of only one organism of a group provides sufficient information about the remaining members of that group. It also helps in developing evolutionary relationships with or without the help of taxonomic studies of fossils. So, the correct answer is ‘Both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason is not the correct explanation for Assertion’.
Assertion: Species is a group of individuals with fundamental similarities.
Reason: indica, leo, tuberosum represent such group of individuals.
(b) Species refer to a group of organisms with fundamental similarities. A species is distinguished from the other closely related species based on distinct morphological differences. e.g., Mangifera indica (Mango), Solanum tuberosum (potato) and Panthera leo (lion). All the three names, Indica, tuberosum, and leo, represent the specific epithets, while the first words Mangifera, Solanum, and Panthera are genera. So, the correct answer is ‘Both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason is not the correct explanation for Assertion’.
Assertion: Cats and dogs have some similarities.
Reason: Cats and dogs belong to the same Family Canidae.
(c) Family is a group of related genera with still less number of similarities as compared to genus and species e.g., a cat and a dog, have some similarities and some differences as well. They are separated into two different families – Felidae and Canidae, respectively.
Assertion: Order is a taxonomic category that includes one or more genera.
Reason: All the genera in a family have some similar features and co-related characters.
(d) Family is a taxonomic category that contains one or more related genera. All the genera of a family have some common features or co-related characters. Order includes one or more related families.
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