1.0 Introduction

1.1 Importance of Chemistry

1.2 Nature of Matter

1.3 Properties of Matter and their Measurement

1.4 Uncertainty in Measurement

1.5 Laws of Chemical Combinations

1.6 Dalton’s Atomic Theory

1.7 Atomic and Molecular Masses

1.8 Mole Concept and Molar Masses

1.9 Percentage Composition

1.10 Stoichiometry and Stoichiometric Calculations

1.11 Summary

1.12 Exercise Problems and Solutions

2.0 Introduction

2.1 Discovery of Sub-atomic Particles

2.2 Atomic Models

2.3 Developments Leading to the Bohr’s Model of Atom

2.4 Bohr’s Model for Hydrogen Atom

2.5 Towards Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom

2.6 Quantum Mechanical Model of Atom

2.7 Summary

2.8 Exercise Problems and Solutions

3.0 Introduction

3.1 Why do we Need to Classify Elements?

3.2 Genesis of Periodic Classification

3.3 Modern Periodic Law and the Present Form of the Periodic Table

3.4 Nomenclature of Elements with Atomic Numbers > 100

3.5 Electronic Configurations of Elements and the Periodic Table

3.6 Electronic Configurations and Types of Elements: s-, p-, d-, f- Blocks

3.7 Periodic Trends in Properties of Elements

3.8 Summary

3.9 Exercise Problems and Solutions

4.0 Introduction

4.1 Kossel- Lewis Approach to Chemical Bonding

4.2 Ionic or Electrovalent Bond

4.3 Bond Parameters

4.4 The Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion

4.5 Valence Bond Theory

4.6 Hybridisation

4.7 Molecular Orbital Theory

4.8 Bonding in Some Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules

4.9 Hydrogen Bonding

4.10 Summary

4.11 Exercise Problems and Solutions

5.0 Introduction

5.1 Thermodynamic Terms

5.2 Applications

5.3 Measurement of ΔU and ΔH: Calorimetry

5.4 Enthalpy Change, ΔrH of a Reaction – Reaction Enthalpy

5.5 Enthalpies for Different Types of Reactions

5.6 Spontaneity

5.7 Gibbs Energy Change and Equilibrium

5.8 Summary

5.9 Exercise Problems and Solutions

6.0 Introduction

6.1 Equilibrium in Physical Processes

6.2 Equilibrium in Chemical Processes – Dynamic Equilibrium

6.3 Law of Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibrium Constant

6.4 Homogeneous Equilibria

6.5 Heterogeneous Equilibria

6.6 Applications of Equilibrium Constants

6.7 Relationship between Equilibrium Constant K Reaction Quotient Q and Gibbs Energy G

6.8 Factors Affecting Equilibria

6.9 Ionic Equilibrium in Solution

6.10 Acids, Bases and Salts

6.11 Ionization of Acids and Bases

6.12 Buffer Solutions

6.13 Solubility Equilibria of Sparingly Soluble Salts

6.14 Summary

6.15 Exercise Problems and Solutions

7.0 Introduction

7.1 Classical Idea of Redox Reactions-Oxidation and Reduction Reactions

7.2 Redox Reactions in Terms of Electron Transfer Reactions

7.3 Oxidation Number

7.4 Redox Reactions and Electrode Processes

7.5 Summary

7.6 Exercise Problems and Solutions

9.0 Introduction

9.1 Classification

9.2 Alkanes

9.3 Alkenes

9.4 Alkynes

9.5 Aromatic Hydrocarbon

9.6 Carcinogenicity and Toxicity

9.7 Summary

9.8 Exercise Problems and Solutions